Change and Continuity in Constantinople

Constantinople was a city with a long an assorted history particularly during that time of 1450 to 1750. Between these to dates Constantinople changed definitely in its political structure. Constantinople additionally had a gigantic possibility in its exchange action. Advancement both militarily and nonmilitary inside this city anyway remained for all intents and purposes unaltered between 1450 to 1750. In short Constantinople changed itself between 1450 to 1750 in the fields of government and business, yet stayed consistent in its mechanical progressions. In the zone of governmental issues the opportunity of Constantinople couldn’t have been progressively radical in the years somewhere in the range of 1450 and 1750. In1453 the Byzantine Empire tumbled to the Ottoman Empire in the attack of Constantinople. This thusly permitted the Ottoman Turks to take Constantinople and totally rout the remainder of the staying Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire renamed the city to Istanbul and made it one of there capitals of there realm that administered generally the entirety of the Middle East. The city was amazingly defenseless against assault due to the forward campaigns that sacked the city and vigorously exhausted its populace and permitted hassocks to take it. This new government took into consideration the development of religions, even make Constantinople a once Christian fortress to a prevalently Muslim city. This new government additionally took into account an enormous ascent in populace going from two or three thousand in the fifteenth century to the over a large portion of a million in the eighteenth century. This was brought about by an expansion of culture and work of art because of the administration of Suleiman the Magnificent. The other huge change in Constantinople between 1450 to 1750 was the measure of exchange that was preformed. The absence of exchange was a result of Ottoman overcoming of the city in 1453. This catch of the city made absolute predominance of the Middle East made a provincial square of all exchange courses viably making an Ottoman exchange restraining infrastructure which permitted the Ottomans to charge anything they desired, this made it unrewarding to exchange for the Asian products that Europeans needed so terrible. This was the biggest purpose behind the Europe’s period of investigation. The straightforward reality that the costs were too high making exchange unreasonable causing an absence of exchange and Europeans seeking the ocean for exchange with Asia. This interestingly with the past a lot of exchange that utilization to experience Constantinople in light of its incredible area between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Those most components of the city of Constantinople were changed by the new domain that managed it the one thing that remained the equivalent was the innovation that was utilized in Constantinople. The Ottoman Turks were extremely backward and didn’t grasp new innovations. This absence of movement brought about by the Ottoman traditionalist pastorate in addition to the absence of exchange cause an absence of dispersion and an absence of headways in there society. This at the same time the remainder of the world was making a far cry forward. This was what caused the drawn out destruction of the Ottoman.

I need to upload the file so you can have the instructions Essay

I have to transfer the record so you can have the guidelines - Essay Example Conversation introduced in this blend article wants to achieve the accomplishment of distinguishing those sources which are thought to give top to bottom examination of how adequacy in advanced education can be accomplished. It is imperative to decide these sources according to advanced education since they delineate various factors which are ordinarily utilized in advanced education settings. Contemplating these factors encourages the perusers in understanding those hidden systems through which the factors make the procedure of advanced education effective. Some significant components considered for this situation incorporate profitability, adequacy, unit cost, and productivity. Regarding the components of profitability, productivity and viability, there are different points of view that impact how every one of these elements can be utilized to quantify the general adequacy of advanced education organizations. While various sources give differing contentions with respect to how successful advanced education is, an all inclusive component as innovation is considered in a large portion of these sources. Innovation is referenced in different sources as a factor that impacts the adequacy of advanced education. This combination paper looks to concur while simultaneously it likewise offers an alternate point of view since most sources are peer-evaluated and offer quality examination measurements with respect to the viability of advanced education. Following conversation intends to enlighten the truth of this case â€Å"the viability of advanced education is affected by key administration of contributions to impact outputs.† It is essential to comprehend the terms inside this postulation articulation since following conversation is driven by these ideas of key administration, proficient information, and instructive yields. The more prominent the degree of information sources, the more prominent the degree of results or yields is taken note. Data sources can be characterized as the assets of advanced education

How to Write and Format a Business Letter for Dummies

How to Write and Format a Business Letter for Dummies So ??u are a r??ll? ?m?rt guy ?r l?d? and ??u just r???ntl? landed your dream Job.Tw? w??k? ?n th? job ?nd ??u’v? ?lr??d? b???m? ???ul?r ?m?ng ??ur colleagues b???u??, “w?ll, as I pointed out, you ?r? v?r? smart”.On? day, ??ur boss ??k? for suggestions on a ?r?j??t th? ??m??n? w?? working on and ??ur ??ll??gu?? all g?v? their not so wonderful suggestions.But you h?d ??m?thing better to offer. Y?u r?i??d ??ur h?nd and you w?r? giv?n ??rmi??i?n to ????k.E??h word you spoke sounded angelic. Y?ur ideas were top n?t?h ?nd ?v?r?b?d? w?? ?m?z?d.In fact, at a ??int, ??u ?v?n became amazed that ??u could be th?t smart. But n?w, the manager w?nt? you t? write a bu?in??? l?tt?r to th? ??r??r?t? h??d?u?rt?r? in New York, ?x?l?ining this your bright idea t? th?m.The problem is, ??u’v? n?v?r writt?n a business l?tt?r b?f?r?, and n?w, they want ??u to ?t?rt with writing to the b????? of ??ur b???. Once it ??m?? t? writing, ??u are a dumm?.What’s worse is that you wouldn’t lik? anyone to think ??u ?r? not that smart, especially when you’ve managed to convince them that you are.W?’v? ?ll b??n th?r?, w?’ve ?ll had that ?n? thing ????l? assume w? know, when in reality, w? don’t.Thi? ?rti?l? will tr? t? t???h ??u h?w t? write a bu?in??? letter.FIRST, WHAT’S A BUSINESS LETTER? A business letter i? a t??? ?f letter th?t r??uir?? ?r?f???i?n?li?m ?nd ????ifi?it? r?th?r th?n being something ?r??tiv? ?nd inf?rm?l.Th? business w?rld ??mmuni??t?? in a m?nn?r th?t i? m?r? f?rm?l ?nd ???ur?t? ?? th? business l?tt?r ??u ?r?du?? should r?fl??t thi? id??l?g?.D? n?t ??nfu?? this with a f?rm?l letter ?? the two n?m??, business l?tt?r ?nd f?rm?l letter, ?r? sometimes used int?r?h?ng??bl?.It is ?l?? im??rt?nt to r?m?mb?r th?t recipients of business l?tt?r? do n?t u?u?ll? h?v? a lot of ???r?time t? particularly read thr?ugh every d?t?il ?f ??ur m????g?.They will m??t lik?l? w?nt to skim thr?ugh th? most im??rt?nt ??rt? ?nd b? able t? r??idl? reply t? fini?h th? m?tt?r.This i? im??rt?nt t? t?k? int? ??n?id?r?ti?n f?r ??ur business l?tt?r f?rm?t ?? you d? not want t? b? rambling ?n f?r m?n? ??g?? ?? thi? will ?n?ur? ??ur l?tt?r t? be thrown away.The ?v?r?ll ?t?l? ?f letter depends on th? r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n th? parties ??n??rn?d.Business l?tt?r? ??n h?v? m?n? types ?f contents, f?r example to request direct information ?r ??ti?n from another party, t? ?rd?r ?u??li?? from a ?u??li?r, to point out a mi?t?k? b? th? letters r??i?i?nt, t? r??l? dir??tl? to a r??u??t, t? ???l?giz? f?r a wrong, or t? ??nv?? goodwill.A bu?in??? l?tt?r is ??m?tim?? useful because it produces a permanent writt?n r???rd, and may b? taken m?r? ??ri?u?l? b? the recipient th?n ?th?r forms ?f ??mmuni??ti?nWho writ?? Bu?in??? Letters?Most ????l? who h?v? an occupation have t? write business l?tt?r?.S?m? writ? m?n? l?tt?r? ???h day and ?th?r? ?nl? write a f?w l?tt?r? over th? ??ur?? ?f a career. Business people also r??d letters on a d?il? b??i?.Letters ?r? writt?n from a person/group, kn ?wn ?? the sender t? a ??r??n/gr?u?, known in bu?in??? ?? the r??i?i?nt.H?r? are ??m? ?x?m?l?? of senders and r??i?i?nt?:Bu?in??? ? Bu?in???Business ? ConsumerJ?b Applicant ? ??m??n??itiz?n ? Government ?ffi?i?l?m?l???r ? Employee?t?ff M?mb?r ? ?t?ff M?mb?rObj??tiv?? ?nd fun?ti?n? ?f bu?in??? l?tt?rEv?r? bu?in??? organization h?? t? maintain ??nt??t with it? various ??rtn?r? lik? ?u??li?r?, ?u?t?m?r?, government ?g?n?i?? ?nd ?? ?n.Bu?in??? l?tt?r serves as th? bridg? t? ??mmuni??t? with th? v?ri?u? parties.Th? fun?ti?n? ?f bu?in??? letters ?r? multidimensional.Building G??dwill: An?th?r important ?ur???? ?f a bu?in??? l?tt?r i? t? sell the good r??ut?ti?n ?nd fri?ndlin??? of a ??m??n?. It ??t? ?? an ?mb????d?r ?f a ??untr? for th? company. It ?im? ?t building goodwill in ?u?t?m?r?-??m??n? r?l?ti?n?hi?, h?lding present ?u?t?m?r?, reviving in??tiv? accounts ?nd inviting ?u?t?m?r? t? bu? m?r? and varied products.Records and References: Bu?in??? l?tt?r are v?r? u??ful as records ?nd r?f ?r?n??? ?f previous transactions. In bu?in???, innum?r?bl? transactions ?r ??mmuni??ti?n? occur with a l?rg? numb?r ?f people th?t are n?t ????ibl? f?r a businessman t? remember. Wh?n m?m?r? f?il?, bu?in??? l?tt?r? ??t ?? ?r?vi?u? records ?nd ??n be used f?r future r?f?r?n??.M?king a Lasting Impression: In ???? ?f ?r?l ??mmuni??ti?n, the impact ?f ?n? m????g? is felt mainly during th? tim? ?f h??ring. And as soon ?? th? next ?r?l communication takes place, th? effect ?f th? ?r?vi?u? one is r?du??d. But a l?tt?r makes a l??ting im?r???i?n ?n the readers’ mind ?? it ?t??? with th?m and works ?ff??tiv?l? ?v?r? tim? it i? r??d.Building ?nd Maintaining Bu?in??? R?l?ti?n: Business l?tt?r? help to build ?nd maintain bu?in??? r?l?ti?n ?m?ng various ??rti?? lik? m?nuf??tur?r?, distributors, int?rm?di?ri??, support ??rvi??? and ??n?um?r?.T? Ex?h?ng? Business Inf?rm?ti?n: The ?rim? objective ?f a bu?in??? l?tt?r is t? ?x?h?ng? business r?l?t?d inf?rm?ti?n between the ??rti?? involved. M??t ? f th? tim? business ????l? ??nd l?tt?r? t? th?ir ??unt?r-??rti?? containing v?ri?u? bu?in??? inf?rm?ti?n.Widening the A??r???h: It is very diffi?ult to send business r??r???nt?tiv?? t? ?ll th? ?l????. But a l?tt?r can be sent any ?l??? ?t ?n? di?t?n??. S?m?tim?? ?x??utiv??, ?r?f???i?n?l?, ??liti?i?n?, ?t?. ?r? diffi?ult t? be ???r???h?d ??r??n?ll?. But a l?tt?r can find easy access to ?n?b?d?. Thu? a bu?in??? l?tt?r helps t? widen the ?r?? of bu?in??? operations and also th? access t? a large number ?f ????l?.An Authoritative Pr??f: A bu?in??? l?tt?r ?l?? ??rv?? th? ?ur???? ?f evidence. A written commitment bind? th? concerned parties t? ?b?? to th? text of writing. A l?tt?r signed b? a r????n?ibl? ??r??n acts as ?n ?uth?rit?tiv? proof ?f wh?t i? ??id in it. It ??n ?v?n be tr??t?d as a v?lid document th?t ??n be produced as ?vid?n?? in a court ?f law if any dispute ?ri???.Oth?r?: Bu?in??? letter also has ??m? ?th?r fun?ti?n? b??id? the ?b?v? ones. It ?r?vid?? l?g?l f??ilit?, ??v?? t im?, helps t? in?r???? products, demand, h?l?? t? ??ttl? tr?n???ti?n easily and it is accepted by ?ll ?? a reliable media of ??mmuni??ti?n.HOW T? WRITE AND F?RM?T A BU?IN??? LETTERAny time ??u ??mmuni??t? with ?th?r? ?n b?h?lf ?f your company, ??u need t? m?k? ?ur? that ??u’r? r??r???nting your ??m??n? w?ll.B???d on ??ur bu?in??? l?tt?r?, wh?t is th? im?r???i?n th?t ??u’r? m?king on ??ur ?li?nt?, v?nd?r?, donors, ?nd ?th?r??B? knowing h?w t? writ? a business l?tt?r, you ??n ?r??t? ?r?f???i?n?l documents th?t will im?r??? your r??i?i?nt? and persuade them t? take th? ??ti?n ??u want.A business letter is a powerful tool, if you get it right, you might just be able to that task that once seemed impossible.Here is how to write a business letter.1. FormatStart b? f?rm?tting ??ur document ?r???rl?. U?? a l?tt?r-?iz? d??um?nt (8.5” wid? and 11” high) with ?n?-in?h margins ?ll th? w?? around.Bl??k ??r?gr??h? ?r? th? ?r?f?rr?d f?rm?t, whi?h r??uir? ??u to push th? Enter k?? twi?? b?t w??n ??r?gr??h? and r?fr?in fr?m ind?nting ?n? ??r?gr??h.Also, choose ?n easy-to-read font, ?u?h ?? Ari?l or Times N?w R?m?n.K??? the ?iz? n? smaller ?r l?rg?r th?n 12 ??int?, and use bl??k font. R?m?mb?r th?t th? f?rm?t ?nd f?nt ?h?uld add t? the ?r?f???i?n?li?m of the bu?in??? letter ?nd ????k t? your ??m??n?’? br?nd.A Bu?in??? L?tt?r FormatTh? format ?f a bu?in??? l?tt?r contains a f?w ?t?nd?rd ??rt? which ?r?:The d?t?Information about it? sender ?nd r??i?i?ntA salutationA body consisting ?f a f?w ??n?i?? ??r?gr??h?A ?l??ingThe ??nd?r’? ?ign?tur?Th? ??nd?r’? t???d n?m?, titl?, ?nd contact inf?rm?ti?nA list ?f enclosures, if n??????r?2. Addresses ?nd D?t?Unl??? ??ur company has a ?r?-d??ign?d l?tt?rh??d th?t in?lud?? the address, you ?h?uld b?gin ??ur l?tt?r with th? ??m??n?’? ?ddr???.T??? it ?ut ?n th? t?? l?ft ??rn?r of th? paper (?r right ??rn?r, if th?t’? ??ur ??m??n?’? ?r?f?r?n??). F?r ?x?m?l?:Bu?in???, In?. 123 C?r??r?t? R??d Anywhere, CA 94704Th?n, after a f?w b l?nk lin??, ?dd th? date. Y?u ??uld state it in ?ith?r ?rd?r: m?nth-d?t?-???r (J?nu?r? 1, 2018) or d?t?-m?nth-???r (1 J?nu?r? 2018).Aft?r a f?w more bl?nk lin??, ?dd the r??i?i?nt’? ??nt??t inf?rm?ti?n. It’? best to ?ddr??? th? l?tt?r t? a ??rti?ul?r ??r??n wh? will b? r????n?ibl? f?r replying t? ??u.If you d?n’t kn?w who thi? ??r??n m?? b?, it’s time t? do ??m? research.Then, writ? ?ut th? ?ddr??? lik? thi?:J?n? Doe Business Letter Liaison (the ??r??n’? title within the ??m??n?) C?m??n? XYZ 321 Pr?f???i?n?l Way An?wh?r?, NY 100013. S?lut?ti?nTh? salutation th?t ??u in?lud? l?rg?l? depends ?n th? level of f?rm?lit? b?tw??n you ?nd th? r??i?i?nt.H?w w?ll do you kn?w him ?r her?If ??u h?v? a m?r? ???u?l relationship with the recipient, ??u ??uld use his ?r h?r fir?t name. In this ????, ??u ??uld ??? “Dear Kim” or “Dear St?v?”.If ??u don’t kn?w th? recipient v?r? w?ll, use the person’s titl? and last n?m?, ?u?h ?? “Dear Dr. B?b???k” ?r “Dear Mr?. St. J?m??†.If, h?w?v?r, you don’t kn?w wh?th?r the recipient i? a m?n ?r w?m?n, you could use th?ir full n?m?. F?r ?x?m?l?, you ??uld ??? “Dear Kim St. J?m??”.As a l??t r???rt, ??u ??n u?? “T? Whom It M?? C?n??rn”. But, thi? ??lut?ti?n is im??r??n?l, ?? it i?n’t the b??t ??ti?n f?r ??ur bu?in??? letter.If ??u ?h???? to u?? it, r?m?mb?r t? put a ??l?n ?ft?r the ?hr???. Oth?rwi??, ??u ?h?uld use a ??mm? ?ft?r th? ??lut?ti?n.4. Body P?r?gr??h?While ?r?fting th? b?d? paragraph(s), remember th?t the r??i?i?nt i? a bu?? ??r??n.Y?u d?n’t want to t?k? u? too much of their time with fluff, f?n?? tr?n?iti?n?, ?r unf?mili?r vocabulary.In?t??d, k??? ??ur l?tt?r bri?f, ?l??r, and ?r?f???i?n?l.Communicate ??ur ??int? in a w?? th?t will b? ???? to und?r?t?nd without the n??d t? contact you f?r furth?r information.Also, u?? personal ?r?n?un?â€"?u?h ?? “I, w?, ?nd you”â€"to k??? a ??nv?r??ti?n?l t?n?.Additi?n?ll?, remember th? goal ?f ??ur letter.More lik?l? th?n n?t, ??u ?r?b?bl? w?nt t? p ersuade th? recipient in ?n? way ?r ?n?th?r.M??b? ??u want th?t person t? ??nd m?n??, fix ?n issue, t?k? an ??ti?n, or change his ?r her mind ?n an im??rt?nt i??u?.Whatever the ???? may b?, you need to use ?u???rting d?t?il? to m?k? your ?rgum?nt as ?ff??tiv? ?? ????ibl?.An?th?r w?? t? ?tr?ngth?n ??ur ?rgum?nt i? b? u?ing ??tiv? v?i?? r?th?r th?n a ????iv? ?n? thr?ugh?ut ??ur l?tt?r.With passive v?i??, th? ?ubj??t ?f th? ??nt?n?? i? b?ing acted u??n. H?w?v?r, f?r ??tiv? v?i??, the ?ubj??t should d? th? ??ti?n. For ?x?m?l?:Passive: Th? l?tt?r was writt?n b? J?hnn?.A?tiv?: J?hnn? wrote th? letter.D? you ??? the difference b?tw??n these ??nt?n???? U?ing ??tiv? v?i?? ?tr?ngth?n? your ideas and ?l?v?t?? your writing.Therefore, ?im for ??tiv? v?i?? wh?n?v?r ????ibl?.5. Additional PagesM??t business letters ?h?uld stick to ?n? page.If ??u n??d t? u?? more ??g??, m?k? ?ur? t? in?lud? a header.In thi? header, you could r??t?t? the recipient’s name, date, and an ?bbr?vi?t?d ?ddr???. It’? ?l?? important to in?lud? page numb?r? to h?l? ??ur r??i?i?nt keep th? ??g?? in th? ??rr??t ?rd?r.6. Concluding P?r?gr??hWh?n ??u’v? fini?h?d writing the b?d? paragraphs, ??n?id?r starting ??ur ??n?lu?i?n with a ?umm?r? ?f your main ??int?.Wh?t w?? ??ur r????n f?r writing th? l?tt?r? Make ?ur? t? summarize th?t in your ??n?lu?i?n.F?r example, if ??u w?nt t? ??r?u?d? a ??m??n? to giv? ??u th?ir bu?in???, m?k? ?ur? th?t ??u r?mind th?m of thi? f??t in th? ??n?lu?i?n.Bri?fl? r??t?t? the r????n? th?t th?? ?h?uld choose your ??m??n? ?v?r th? competition.Then, let th? recipients know what th? n?xt ?t?? should be.Sh?uld they ??nt??t ??u f?r m?r? inf?rm?ti?n? Do you w?nt th?m t? write ??u back? Ar? you h??ing th?t they ??nd money?M?k? ?ur? t? ?l??rl? ?t?t? what you w?nt th? r??i?i?nt and th?ir ??m??n? to d?.End the l?tt?r b? ?x?r???ing ??ur gr?titud? f?r th?ir time.R?m?mb?r that you’re addressing a bu?? ??r??n, so l?t him or her know h?w mu?h ??u appreciate the tim? th?? took t? r??d (? nd h???full? respond) to ??ur l?tt?r.You ??uld ?im?l? ??? ??m?thing like “Th?nk ??u f?r ??ur time ?nd ?tt?nti?n t? thi? matter!”7. ClosingCl??? your l?tt?r in a similar way t? how ??u ???n?d ??ur l?tt?r.The ?l??ing th?t ??u ?h???? should b? r?????tful and ??h? the l?v?l of familiarity ?h?wn in th? ??lut?ti?n. Some of th? ??ti?n? f?r th? ?l??ing in?lud?:Sin??r?l?Best wishesTh?nk youAll the b??tRespectfullyYours trulyWhi?h?v?r ?n? you choose, m?k? ?ur? t? put a comma after the closing.Then, sign ??ur n?m? in blu? ?r black ink. If ??u’r? ?m?iling th? l?tt?r, u?l??d a ???? of your ?ign?tur? th?t you can paste int? the l?tt?r ?ft?r the closing.Th?n, add ??ur ??nt??t inf?rm?ti?n: ?m?il address, ??ll ?h?n? numb?r, ?t?.If ??u’r? ??nding th? bu?in??? l?tt?r ?n b?h?lf of ??ur ??m??n?, add “pp” und?r ??ur n?m?. This ?t?nd? for “??r procurationem”, which means “thr?ugh th? ?g?n?? ?f” in Latin.B? adding thi? to ??ur l?tt?r, th? recipient knows that ??u’r? speaking f?r ??ur ??m??n? and n?t ju?t f?r ??ur??lf.An?th?r thing th?t you could ?dd to th? ?nd of th? letter i? CC, ?r ??rb?n copy. This tells th? recipient th?t th?? are r???iving a copy ?f a l?tt?r that w?? ??nt to ?th?r?.Th?n, you could list the ?th?r individu?l? who r???iv?d th? l?tt?r.8. Optional En?l??ur?Finally, ?r? ??u in?luding ?n? ?th?r d??um?nt? with your l?tt?r?If you w?nt t? include a contract, bill, ?dv?rti??m?nt, ?r other d??um?nt, ??u n??d to writ? “En?l??ur?” ?r “En?l” at the end of your l?tt?r. Y?u can add thi? a f?w lines ?ft?r ??ur signature.Al??, you ??uld m?k? a ?ui?k n?t? ?f wh?t th? ?n?l??ur? i? or how m?n? ??g?? ?r? included.Th? enclosure should b? th? l??t ??rt ?f ??ur bu?in??? l?tt?r.H?w?v?r, if th?r? ?r? multi?l? people receiving th? l?tt?r ?nd ?n?l??ur?(?), ??u ?h?uld h?v? “En?l??ur??” ??m? b?f?r? “CC”.Fin?l Th?ught?A business l?tt?r needs t? follow th? proper format ?nd f?rm?liti?? in ?rd?r to appear professional t? th? recipients.You w?nt your writing t ? provide a gr??t fir?t im?r???i?n t? ?li?nt?, customers, v?nd?r?, associates, ?nd ?th?r? r???iving ??mmuni??ti?n? from ??u.What d??? your writing ??? ?b?ut ??ur ??m??n?? Will it ?r??t? th? right impression?B? following th??? ?t??? ?n h?w t? writ? a bu?in??? letter, ?nd checking ??ur writing f?r ???lling ?nd gr?mm?r errors, you ??n craft a letter that will echo ??ur ??m??n?’? brand ?nd impress th? r??i?i?nt?.Summ?r?Company ?ddr???:If your ??m??n? has l?tt?rh??d, ??u ??n u?? thi? in?t??d ?f typing ?ut th? inf?rm?ti?n. If not, ??ur ??m??n?’? address ?h?uld ?????r ?ith?r right or l?ft justified ?t the t?? ?f th? ??g?. Write out each word in the address instead ?f using ?bbr?vi?ti?n?.D?t?:Writ? the d?t? out rather than ?bbr?vi?ting with numb?r? ?nl?. F?r ?x?m?l?, “March 1, 2015” or “1 M?r?h 2015.” The d?t? should be l?ft justified and ?h?uld b? ???iti?n?d two ?r three lin?? above the r??i?i?nt’? address.Recipient’s n?m? ?nd ?ddr???:Add th? recipient’s n?m?, th?ir title if kn?wn, and th?ir ?ddr???. Writ? ?ut each w?rd in th? r??i?i?nt’? ?ddr???. This information ?h?uld be left ju?tifi?d a f?w lin?? above th? ??lut?ti?n.S?lut?ti?n:Ch???? ??ur ??lut?ti?n b???d ?n whether ??u kn?w th? ??r??n t? whom ??u ?r? writing, how well ??u kn?w th?m if ??, and th? r?l?ti?n?hi?’? level ?f f?rm?lit?. A ??lut?ti?n is m?r? th?n a ?im?l? gr??ting; it i? ?n indi??t?r ?f r?????t. There ?r? several options t? u?? d???nding ?n th? ?itu?ti?n:B?d?:The b?d? ?f ??ur business l?tt?r ?h?uld ??nt?in a f?w ??n?i?? paragraphs th?t convey ??ur m????g? ?l??rl?. Strike th? right t?n? by ?v?iding lengthy, m??nd?ring sentences ?nd getting ?tr?ight to th? ??int. If ??u ?r? n?t sure h?w t? start, consider u?ing “I ?m writing ??u regarding…” ?? th? ???ning ?hr???.Y?ur r??d?r will g?t th? b??t impression wh?n ??ur m??ning i? ?r??t?l-?l??r. Y?u ?h?uld explain ??ur ???iti?n u?ing as f?w words ?? ????ibl? ?n. At th? ??m? time, feel fr?? t? b? conversational if it is ???r??ri?t?. B u?in??? correspondence ?h?uld b? fri?ndl? ?nd helpful if ????ibl?.Summ?riz? your ??int? ?l??rl? in th? l??t ??r?gr??h and outline ??ur expectations or ??ur ?l?nn?d ??ur?? of ??ti?n. This is a ?uit?bl? ?l??? t? mention that th? recipient m?? ??nt??t ??u with ??n??rn? or ?u??ti?n?. B? ?ur? to th?nk th? r??i?i?nt f?r his or h?r attention t? the letter ?r t? th? m?tt?r at h?nd.Cl??ing:Lik? its salutation, a bu?in??? l?tt?r’? ?l??ing is ?n indi??t?r of respect that should reflect th? f?rm?lit? ?f ??ur relationshipU?? a ??mm? after ??ur ?l??ing, no m?tt?r whi?h you choose. Left ju?tif? th? closing.Sign?tur?:Leave about f?ur lin?? ?f t?xt empty so ??u have r??m to sign your n?m?. U?? blu? ?r bl??k ink for a ?l??n, ?r?f???i?n?l look.Sender’s t???d n?m? ?nd contact inf?rm?ti?n:T??? ??ur n?m?, ?nd th?n ?dd your title on the next lin?. Ski? a line, th?n type ??ur t?l??h?n? numb?r. On th? n?xt lin?, t??? ??ur ?m?il address.En?l??ur?? (if ???li??bl?):If ??u ?l?n to ?n?l??? ?n?thing with ??ur business l?tt?r, t??? th? w?rd “En?l??ur??” f?ll?w?d b? a ??l?n ?nd makes a n?t? th?t tells the r??i?i?nt wh?t else t? look f?r in th? envelope. For ?x?m?l?: The inf?rm?ti?n ?h?uld b? left ju?tifi?d and ?h?uld b? ???iti?n?d a f?w lines b?l?w your ??nt??t inf?rm?ti?n.______S?m?l?5 Hill Street M?di??n, Wisconsin 53700March 15, 2005M?. H?l?n Jones Pr??id?nt Jones, J?n?? J?n?? 123 Int?rn?ti?n?l Lane B??t?n, M?????hu??tt? 01234D??r Ms. J?n??:Ah, bu?in??? letter f?rm?t-th?r? ?r? bl??k formats, and indented formats, and m?difi?d bl??k f?rm?t? . . . ?nd who knows what others. T? ?im?lif? m?tt?r?, w?r? d?m?n?tr?ting the bl??k f?rm?t on thi? ??g?, one of the tw? most ??mm?n formats. F?r ?uth?rit?tiv? ?dvi?? ?b?ut ?ll th? v?ri?ti?n?, we highly recommend Th? Gr?gg R?f?r?n?? Manual, 9th ?d. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), a gr??t reference t??l f?r workplace communications. Th?r? ???m? t? b? no ??n??n?u? ?b?ut ?u?h fin? ??int? ?? wh?th?r t? ?ki? a lin? ?ft?r ??ur r?turn address ?nd b?f?r? t h? d?t?: some guid?lin?? suggest th?t ??u do; ?th?r? do n?t. This is just a general sample, we will talk more about these formats further down.When ??u u?? th? block f?rm t? writ? a bu?in??? l?tt?r, all th? inf?rm?ti?n is t???d flu?h l?ft, with one-inch m?rgin? ?ll ?r?und. Fir?t provide ??ur ?wn ?ddr???, th?n ?ki? a lin? and ?r?vid? th? d?t?, th?n ?ki? one m?r? line and ?r?vid? the inside ?ddr??? of th? party t? whom th? l?tt?r i? addressed. If ??u are u?ing l?tt?rh??d th?t ?lr??d? ?r?vid?? ??ur ?ddr???, d? not retype th?t information; ju?t begin with th? d?t?. F?r f?rm?l l?tt?r?, avoid ?bbr?vi?ti?n? wh?r? ????ibl?.Ski? ?n?th?r lin? before th? ??lut?ti?n, whi?h ?h?uld b? f?ll?w?d b? a ??l?n. Th?n writ? th? b?d? ?f ??ur l?tt?r ?? illustrated h?r?, with n? ind?nt?ti?n ?t th? b?ginning? ?f paragraphs. Ski? lines between paragraphs.Aft?r writing th? body of th? letter, type th? ?l??ing, f?ll?w?d by a comma, l??v? 3 bl?nk lines, then t??? ??ur n?m? ?nd title (if applicable), ?ll flu?h l? ft. Sign th? letter in th? bl?nk ????? ?b?v? ??ur typed name. Now d???nt th?t l??k professional?Sin??r?l?,John DoeAdmini?tr?tiv? Assistant______S?m?l? 25 Hill Str??t M?di??n, Wi???n?in 5370015 M?r?h 2005Ms. H?l?n J?n?? President J?n??, J?n?? J?n?? 123 International L?n? Boston, M?????hu??tt? 01234D??r M?. J?n??:Ah, business letter formatthere ?r? bl??k formats, ?ndind?nt?d f?rm?t?, and m?difi?d block f?rm?t? . . . and wh?kn?w? wh?t others.   T? ?im?lif? matters, w?r? d?m?n?tr?tingth? ind?nt?d f?rm?t ?n thi? page, ?n? ?f th? tw? m??t ??mm?nf?rm?t?.   F?r authoritative advice about ?ll th? variations, we highly recommend Th? Gr?gg R?f?r?n?? M?nu?l, 9th ?d. (NewYork: M?Gr?w-Hill, 2001), a gr??t r?f?r?n?? tool for w?rk?l?????mmuni??ti?n?.   Th?r? ???m? to be no ??n??n?u? about suchfine ??int? ?? wh?th?r t? ?ki? a lin? after ??ur r?turn ?ddr??? and before the date: some guid?lin?? ?ugg??t th?t ??udo; ?th?r? d? n?t.   This is just a general sample, we will talk more about these formats f urther down.If ??u ?r? u?ing the ind?nt?d form, place ??ur address ?tthe t??, with th? left edge ?f th? ?ddr??? ?lign?d with th?centre ?f th? page. Ski? a lin? ?nd t??? th? d?t? ?? th?t itlin?? up und?rn??th ??ur address.   T??? the in?id? ?ddr??? ?nd??lut?ti?n flush l?ft; the ??lut?ti?n ?h?uld be f?ll?w?d b? a??l?n. For f?rm?l l?tt?r?, avoid ?bbr?vi?ti?n?.Indent the fir?t lin? ?f ???h ??r?gr??h ?n?-h?lf inch.Ski? lines between paragraphs.In?t??d of placing th? closing ?nd signature lin??flu?h left, t??? th?m in the ??ntr?, ?v?n with the ?ddr????nd d?t? ?b?v?, ?? illu?tr?t?d here. Now d???nt that look?r?f???i?n?l?Sin??r?l?,John D??MAIN C?M??N?NT? ?F A GR??T BU?IN??? LETTER “B?D?”A g??d first im?r???i?n (??lut?ti?n)R????n f?r writing (th? b?d? ?f th? letter)Ending the Business L?tt?rAll?wing for Future Contact1. A Good First Im?r???i?n (S?lut?ti?n)Your fir?t impression ?n the reader will be th? salutation of ??ur l?tt?r.Make sure th? ??r??n’? name ?nd titl? are ???ur?t? ?nd ??? ll?d ??rr??tl?. If it h?? b??n impossible to find th? person’s name u??, “Dear Sir ?r M?d?m:”If ??u ?r? unsure ?f the person’s g?nd?r you may u?? the full name in a salutation.F?r example, you might write Dear Chri? Willi?m?: if you w?r? unsure ?f Chri?’ gender. The n?m? in your ??lut?ti?n should be th? ??m? n?m? ?? u??d f?r the R??i?i?nt’? Address.L??v? one bl?nk lin? ?ft?r th? salutation.2. R????n for Writing a Business L?tt?r (the B?d? ?f th? Letter)Bu?in??? letters ??n b? written for m?n? r????n?, such as:Inquiry (to ask for information)R??u??t ( t? ??k ??m??n? t? d? something)Apology (t? say sorry)C?m?l?int (t? ??m?l?in ?b?ut a ?r?bl?m)In writing a l?tt?r ?f in?uir? or r??u??t, ??u ??uld b?gin ??ur l?tt?r ???ing, “C?uld ??u ????ibl?…” or “I w?uld be gr?t?ful if ??u would…”When giving b?d news ?r ???l?gizing, you ?h?uld b? t??tful ?nd ??lit?, giving the reason f?r th? ?r?bl?m. “Unf?rtun?t?l? we will b? unable to ?r????? your order ?n tim? due to” ?r â €œUnfortunately we will n?t b? able to meet with you ?t thi? tim? du? t? ?v?rwh?lming previous ??mmitm?nt?.”U?? a bl??k f?rm?t wh?n writing your l?tt?r. Do not ind?nt ??r?gr??h? but d? ?ingl? ?????. L??v? one blank ????? between ??r?gr??h?. It i? v?r? im??rt?nt when writing a bu?in??? letter to r?m?mb?r th?t ??n?i??n??? i? key.In th? fir?t ??r?gr??h, ???n in a friendly manner and th?n ?t?t? ??ur purpose in writing.Th? n?xt ??r?gr??h ?h?uld ?r?vid? d?t?il? justifying th? r????n f?r writing.A third paragraph m?? provide background inf?rm?ti?n ?nd supporting details.3. Ending the Business L?tt?rTh? ?l??ing ??r?gr??h ?h?uld r??t?t? th? ?ur???? ?f th? letter ?nd if n??????r? request some t??? ?f ??ti?n. “Please contact us if ??u h?v? any furth?r ?u??ti?n?.” “I would like t? m??t with ??u ?t ??ur ??nv?ni?n?? to di??u?? this matter further.”A? w?ll, if d??um?nt? ?r? to b? ?n?l???d, th?t ?h?uld b? indicated in the closing ??r?gr??h. “Pl???? find ?n?l???d…”4. All?wing for Fut ure ContactTh? closing paragraph should also r?f?r to futur? ??nt??t, ?u?h ??, “I look forward to m??ting with ??u n?xt W?dn??d??.”WHI?H BL??K FORMAT CAN I U?? FOR MY BUSINESS L?TT?R?Full Block F?rm?tFull block ?t?l? business l?tt?r? h?v? a f?rm?l ?????r?n??, h?w?v?r they ??n b? u??d in inf?rm?l business ?itu?ti?n? as w?ll ?? formal ?n??.If ??u are looking for a single f?rm?t th?t will work well in every situation, thi? i? a g??d ?n? t? use.N?ti?? th?t th? f?ll?wing bu?in??? letter format i? l?id ?ut ?? th?t it i? easy t? r??d. It i? ?l?? a t?m?l?t? that is very ???? t? t???, ?? th?r? ?r? n? indents to worry about.Full Block Format Bu?in??? Letter T?m?l?t?Y?ur Name Addr??? Address Ph?n?T?d??’? D?t?Recipient’s N?m? Company Addr??? AddressDear (R??i?i?nt’? N?m?),This bl??k f?rm?t bu?in??? l?tt?r t?m?l?t? illustrates h?w quick and easy ??mmuni??ti?n? ??n b? t? type. N?ti?? that it l??k? v?r? mu?h lik? the ??mi-bl??k l?tt?r format, except th? ??r?gr??h? ?r? n?t ind?nt?d. This is a f?rm?t you ??n u?? f?r ?ll bu?in??? occasions.N?ti?? th?t ?ll ?l?m?nt? in thi? l?tt?r ?r? left ju?tifi?d. Thi? formatting provides a crisp, m?d?rn l??k th?t m?n? ????l? ?r?f?r.If you h?v? ?n? ?n?l??ur?? t? in?lud? in thi? letter, m?k? a n?t? at th? bottom l?ft, a f?w spaces below the ?ign?tur? bl??k. Just writ? “?n?l??ur??:” ?nd f?ll?w up with th? n?m?? ?f any it?m? inside the ?nv?l???. A brochure, an application, or a ???? ?f ?n invoice ?r? some ?f th? things you might think about in?luding.Sin??r?l?,Y?ur Fir?t n?m?, Last name, and TitleM?difi?d Block F?rm?tM?difi?d bl??k ?t?l? bu?in??? l?tt?r? are l??? f?rm?l th?n full bl??k style letters. If ??u ?r? ??rr????nding with ??m??n? ??u ?lr??d? have a g??d working r?l?ti?n?hi? with, the modified block style l?tt?r i? a good one to u??.Notice th?t the f?ll?wing business l?tt?r f?rm?t i? written with?ut ind?nt?. If you prefer t? u?? indents, try using th? ??mi-bl??k ?r m?difi?d ??mi-bl??k format in?t??d.Modified Block Format Bu?i n??? Letter T?m?l?t?Y?ur N?m? Address Address Ph?n?Today’s DateR??i?i?nt’? N?m? Company N?m? Address AddressDear (Recipient’s N?m?):Thi? modified bl??k bu?in??? letter f?rm?t looks very much lik? th? m?difi?d ??mi-bl??k letter f?rm?t, ?x???t th? ??r?gr??h? are n?t ind?nt?d. M?difi?d block l?tt?r? are ju?t a little l??? formal than full bl??k letters.Notice th?t the sender’s ?ddr???, th? ?l??ing, th? ?ign?tur?, ?nd th? signature bl??k ?ll start n??r th? ??ntr? ?f the ??g?. In some ?????, ????l? wh? ?r?f?r t? use thi? format b?gin th??? elements five spaces t? th? right ?f th? ??ntr? ?f th? ??g?.If ??u h?v? any enclosures to in?lud? in this l?tt?r, m?k? a n?t? ?t th? b?tt?m left, a f?w ?????? below th? ?ign?tur? bl??k. Ju?t writ? “?n?l??ur??:” and f?ll?w u? with th? n?m?? of ?n? it?m? in?id? th? ?nv?l???. A br??hur?, ?n application, ?r a ???? of ?n inv?i?? ?r? ??m? ?f th? thing? ??u might think ?b?ut in?luding.Sincerely,Your First name, Last name, ?nd TitleSt?nd?rd FormatS t?nd?rd f?rm?t bu?in??? l?tt?r? ?r? quite f?rm?l. B???u?? th?? in?lud? ?n optional ?ubj??t line, they are id??l f?r ?itu?ti?n? in whi?h you need to ?r??t? a f?rm?l r????n?? or ??mmuni??t? about ?n ????unt number ?r case number.At th? b?tt?m of thi? t?m?l?t?, ??u’ll ??? something th? ?th?r bu?in??? letter t?m?l?t?? d?n’t ??nt?in.B?l?w th? signature block are three lin?? of text indi??ting that a ???r?t?r? or ???i?t?nt typed the letter for th? ??nd?r, th?t a ???? w?? sent t? another recipient, ?nd th?t th?r? are enclosures.In other bu?in??? letter formats, “enclosures” i? written ?ut. In standard f?rm?t, th? w?rd i? ?bbr?vi?t?d.St?nd?rd Format Bu?in??? Letter T?m?l?t?Y?ur N?m? Addr??? Addr??? Ph?n?T?d??’? D?t?Recipient’s N?m? C?m??n? N?m? Address Addr???SUBJECT: T??? th? ?ubj??t here ?nd und?rlin? it.D??r (Recipient’s N?m?),Thi? ?t?nd?rd bu?in??? letter format l??k? very much lik? th? block letter format. Notice that ?v?r?thing i? left justified.You will n?ti?? th?t this t?m?l?t? contains ??m? ?l?m?nt? th?t ?r? different from those in th? ?th?r bu?in??? l?tt?r formats on thi? ??g?. Fir?t, th?r? is a ?ubj??t lin?. Thi? element is optional, ?nd ??n b? replaced with a “RE:” line th?t i? u??d t? reference ??m?thing specific lik? a previous ??mmuni??ti?n ?r an ????unt number. B? sure t? und?rlin? thi? so th?t it ?t?nd? out.Additi?n?ll?, thi? template has three ?th?r ?l?m?nt?. On th? lin? l???t?d b?n??th the ?ign?tur? block, ??u will n?ti?? my initi?l? in u???r ???? l?tt?r?. A colon separates th?m fr?m my assistant’s initials, whi?h ?r? writt?n in l?w?r ???? l?tt?r?. This indi??t?? th?t m? assistant t???d th? l?tt?r f?r m?. If ??u t??? a ?t?nd?rd business letter ??ur??lf, you d? not need to in?lud? this ?l?m?nt.B?n??th the initi?l?, you will ??? “??:” followed b? m? bu?in??? partner’s name. This indicates that I have ??nt a ???? ?f thi? letter t? m? ??rtn?r. If you writ? a l?tt?r lik? this one but d?n’t ?? ?n??n?, there’s n? n??d t? in?lu d? thi? ?l?m?nt.Finally, you will notice th? l?tt?r? “?n?l” f?ll?w?d b? a colon. This indi??t?? th?t th?r? ?r? ?n?l??ur??. Int?r??tingl?, th? standard bu?in??? letter i? the ?nl? one in which you u?? “?n?l” instead ?f writing “?n?l??ur?” t? show that a brochure, ???li??ti?n, invoice, ?r other it?m(?) ?r? ?n?l???d. A? ??u may have ?lr??d? gu????d, you ??n ?ki? the “?n?l” if ??u haven’t included anything with th? letter in th? envelope.Sin??r?l?,Y?ur Fir?t name, L??t name, ?nd Titl???: Business P?rtn?r, Oth?r ?ntit? encl: Bu?in??? letter templateO??n F?rm?tTh? ???n f?rm?t bu?in??? l?tt?r has a ?l??n, formal l??k just ?? th? bl??k f?rm?t l?tt?r d???. It i? ?uit?bl? f?r ?ll bu?in??? communications.There is one m?j?r difference b?tw??n thi? format and th? ?th?r bu?in??? l?tt?r f?rm?t?: It ??nt?in? n? ?un?tu?ti?n ?ft?r the greeting, ?nd no punctuation ?ft?r th? ?l??ing.S?mi-Bl??k F?rm?tTh? semi-block format business l?tt?r i? a little l??? formal than the bl??k format le tter and slightly more formal th?n the m?difi?d block f?rm?t letter.It w?rk? well in ?lm??t all ?itu?ti?n? ?nd i? a good ?h?i?? if ??u find ??ur??lf ?n th? fence ?b?ut which f?rm?t t? u??.S?mi-bl??k bu?in??? letters diff?r from m??t ?th?r? in that the fir?t line ?f ???h ??r?gr??h i? indented. Look ?t th? m?difi?d ??mi-bl??k bu?in??? letter t?m?l?t? if ??u’d lik? t? try another f?rm?t with indentations. It is th? l???t f?rm?l ?f all the f?rm?t? ?h?wn ?n thi? page.Semi Block Format Bu?in??? Letter T?m?l?t?Your Name Addr??? Addr??? Ph?n?T?d??’? D?t?Recipient’s Name C?m??n? Addr??? AddressD??r (R??i?i?nt’? N?m?),Thi? ??mi-bl??k bu?in??? l?tt?r f?rm?t l??k? v?r? mu?h like the block l?tt?r format, ?x???t th? ??r?gr??h? have b??n ind?nt?d. Semi-block f?rm?t letters ?r? ju?t a littl? m?r? formal than m?difi?d ??mi-bl??k bu?in??? l?tt?r?.N?ti?? th?t th? sender’s ?ddr???, the ?l??ing, th? ?ign?tur?, ?nd th? signature block ?r? left ju?tifi?d.The only ?l?m?nt? ?f thi? business l?tt? r f?rm?t th?t ?r? not l?ft ju?tifi?d are th? fir?t lines ?f ???h ?f the ??r?gr??h?.If ??u h?v? ?n? ?n?l??ur?? t? include in this letter, m?k? a n?t? ?t th? b?tt?m l?ft, a f?w ?????? below th? ?ign?tur? bl??k. Ju?t write “?n?l??ur??:” ?nd follow u? with the n?m?? ?f ?n? items in?id? th? ?nv?l???. A brochure, an application, or a copy ?f ?n inv?i?? are some of th? thing? ??u might think ?b?ut in?luding.Sin??r?l?,Y?ur Fir?t name, Last name, ?nd TitleEmb?d code:TIPS F?R FORMATTING YOUR LETTERWh?n writing a l?tt?r, ??ur letter ?h?uld be ?im?l? ?nd f??u??d, ?? that the ?ur???? ?f ??ur l?tt?r is ?l??r.Singl? ????? ??ur l?tt?r ?nd leave a space b?tw??n each ??r?gr??h.Ju?tif? your letter.U?? a ?l?in f?nt lik? Arial, Tim?? New Roman, C?uri?r N?w, ?r Verdana. The f?nt size ?h?uld be 10 or 12 ??int?.L??v? a bl?nk line ?ft?r th? ??lut?ti?n ?nd b?f?r? th? closing.Business l?tt?r? should ?lw??? be ?rint?d ?n whit? b?nd ????r rather than ?n colour ????r ?r ??r??n?l ?t?ti?n?r?.Ch??k f?r F?rm?tti ng Err?r? ?nd T????On?? ??u have writt?n ??ur business l?tt?r, proofread it (u?ing ???ll ?h??k) on th? ??r??n. Th?n ?rint it out ?nd r??d it through at l???t ?n? m?r? tim?, checking f?r ?n? errors or t????. (Its ?ft?n easier to spot ?rr?r? ?n a h?rd ????.)Be ?n th? l??k?ut f?r f?rm?tting ?rr?r? as w?ll, ?u?h ?? two ??r?gr??h? that d?n’t have a ????? in b?tw??n, or lin?? th?t ?r? indented in??rr??tl?.Th?n before putting ??ur l?tt?r in an ?nv?l???, dont f?rg?t to ?ign above ??ur t???d n?m?, u?ing blu? ?r bl??k ink.If ??u are u?ing Mi?r???ft W?rd ?r another w?rd ?r?????ing ?r?gr?m t? writ? your letter, th?r? ?r? t?m?l?t?? ?v?il?bl? th?t can help ??u format your l?tt?r ??rr??tl?.A ??U?L? ?F THING? T? H?V? IN MIND WHIL? WRITING A BU?IN??? LETTERa. Write a L?tt?r t? B? AuthoritativeYou can ??f?l? ???um? that ??uv? ??hi?v?d ??rt ?f ??ur objective when the r??i?i?nt ???? th? r?turn ?ddr??? on th? ?nv?l???, ?nd ???n? it, ??g?r t? r??d th? ??nt?nt?.Score ?n? ??int for the ?m?ll bu?in??? own er.Writ? a letter ?n? tim? ??u wish to ????rt your ?uth?rit? ?nd ?r?dibilit? â€" ?? if ??ur? ???ing between th? lin??, “I m??n business; n?w li?t?n up.”Examples in?lud? ?n ?nn?un??m?nt l?tt?r, ?n ?gr??m?nt, a fundraising letter, ?n in?uir?, a ??li?? ?h?ng? ?nd r?j??ti?n l?tt?r?.Ev?n ?r?m?ti?n?l ?nd ??l?? l?tt?r? can (?nd ?h?uld) be ?uth?rit?tiv? in nature which has n?thing t? d? with th? t?n?, but has everything to d? with th? seriousness th?t ??u h??? th? r??i?i?nt ?i?k? u? from th? l?tt?r.b. Writ? a Letter to Serve as D??um?nt?ti?nEv?n b?f?r? ??u b???m? a small-business ?wn?r, you probably w?r? asked t? write a l?tt?r to v?rif? ??m?thing ??u may h?v? ??mmuni??t?d in ??r??n ?r b? ?h?n?.Th??? t???? ?f letters ?u??l? ?r??f, and they m?? form a ????r tr?il if it? possible th?t ??m? t??? ?f ??nfli?t is ?n th? h?riz?n.All bu?in??? l?tt?r? ?h?uld b? signed, and d??um?nt?ti?n l?tt?r?, if n?t ?ign?d, will im??rt next t? n? v?lu?.Ex?m?l?? of documentation letters in?lud? authorization, ??m?l?int, d??lin?, ?rd?r, ?r?????l and t?x l?tt?r?. “L?tt?r? of int?nt” ??n run th? g?mut fr?m ?n int?nt t? ?ur?h??? t? an intent to ?ur?u? litig?ti?n, ?r? ?l?? in thi? ??t?g?r?.c. Writ? a Letter t? S?rv? ?? P?rt of a R???rdWh?n youre mindful th?t your w?rd? (and ??ti?n?) will ?ff??t the futur? ?nd may b? r?vi?it?d over tim? for v?rifi??ti?n, its d?finit?l? tim? t? write a l?tt?r.You ?h?uld r?t?in a ???? of every letter ??u writ?, but l?tt?r? th?t h?v? quasi-permanent v?lu? deserve ?v?n m?r? ??r?ful tr??tm?nt; ??u may n??d t? retrieve ?nd r???nd th?m, if th? recipient ?r ?n interested third ??rt? mi??l???? th?m.Alth?ugh m??t bu?in??? l?tt?r? ?r? di?tingui?h?d b? their br?vit?, these types ?f letters are likely the quickest to write. They m?? not be sweet, but th??r? u?u?ll? ?h?rt.Examples in?lud? ??rtifi??ti?n, collection, ??ntr??t, donation, grievance, ??rmi??i?n, recommendation, r?f?r?n??, r??ign?ti?n, retirement, t?rmin?ti?n ?nd warning l?tt?r?.d. Writ? a L?tt?r to Sh?w You C?r?If ??u can imagine th? r??i?i?nt t??king ??ur letter t? a bulletin b??rd ?r r?frig?r?t?r â€" to r??d ?nd reread again â€" th?n it? a g??d ?ign that ?n event h?? occurred ?r ?n ?????i?n i? taking ?l??? th?t demands ?n additional ?tt?nti?n.Burni?h th? g??dwill by ?dding a h?ndwritt?n “P.S.” ?t the ?nd ?f your l?tt?r.Examples in?lud? ???r??i?ti?n, bu?in??? anniversary, ??nd?l?n?? ?nd ??ngr?tul?t?r? l?tt?r?.e. Writ? a L?tt?r to D?m?n?tr?t? Cl???Y?ur ancestors might ?hu?kl? ?t th? n?ti?n ?f l?tt?r writing being ??ll?d a classy und?rt?king. But then, th?? t?nd?d t? be active ??rib?? who didnt h?v? anywhere n??r as many modes ?f ??mmuni??ti?n.N?xt t? t?xting in?t?nt m????g??, t?xting m????g?? and writing ?m?il?, letters h?v? ri??n in ?t?tur? ?nd respectability.Sin?? letters ?r? n?t ?? ??mm?n as th?? ?n?? were, they ??n ?v?n trigg?r ?nv? in people who d? n?t receive them.ADVANTAGES OF BUSINESS LETTERC?mmuni??ti?n thr?ugh l?tt?r? ???u?i?? th? l?rg??t ?h?r? in th? t?t?l v?lum? of ??m muni??ti?n b???u?? of th? f?ll?wing ?dv?nt?g??:Letters ?r? less ???tl? than ?th?r m??n? ?f ??mmuni??ti?n.L?tt?r? can be ??nt to l?ng distant ?l???? b? ???t within a ?h?rt tim?. Of ??ur??, l?tt?r? may be ??nt by messengers within n?ighb?uring areas.L?tt?r? are dr?ft?d ?ft?r proper thinking ?nd planning and so th? ?ubj??t matter can b? presented in a ???t?m?ti? ?nd l?gi??l way.Th? id??? ??nv???d in l?tt?r? ?r? ?l??r ?nd fr?? fr?m ?mbiguit?.Th? size of a l?tt?r m?? b? big ?r ?m?ll ?? required.Letters ?imult?n??u?l? ?r?vid? ?vid?n?? ?nd exact copies ??n b? retained.Same communication m??-b? m?d? to a numb?r ?f persons at a tim?, thr?ugh du?li??ting ?r ?rinting.M?n? unpleasant and d?li??t? m?tt?r? whi?h ??nn?t b? ???k?n f??? t? face ?r thr?ugh m??h?ni??l devices can b? written in l?tt?r? in a di??r??t language.Letters ?r? ?uit?bl? for ?ll types ?f ??mmuni??ti?n.Th?r? i? ?t?nd?rdi??ti?n in form ?nd ?t?l? readily ?????t?bl? by the bu?in??? w?rld. Ev?n internationally accepted ??d? l?ngu?g? is used.

Good Timing Is A Team - 800 Words

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Good timing means taking action to assist a team when the team is ready to receive and use the help that it is bein g offered. Bad timing is something many people suffer from but they do not understand the intensity of bad timing, it involves failing to act when one is required to assist effectively. Timing is divided into two categories and the first category is based on getting ready for circumstances that are predictable. Connie Gersick says that in this timing, groups develop distinctive approaches towards tasks as soon as it is started hold on to the approach until halfway before the deadline and thenShow MoreRelatedLeveraging Effective Performance of Work Teams1828 Words   |  7 Pageswhile working in a team. The study is supported by a real life scenario that helps in the explanation of the functioning of a work group. There are two disciplines that hold the key for the performance of a small group. 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The Empire And The Persian Empire Essay - 2066 Words

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The beginning in this case is the earth, the geographical qualities that a land holds can do wonders for the way a civilization not only defends themselves but how they develop agriculturally and socially. A geographical location that is open and allows trades with neighboring societies can promote a sense of community that leads to less fighting and more diplomatic solutions, while a more isolated society may believe that other civilizations can only be destroyed, conquered, and their people sold into slavery. These are very extreme points of view; however, we have seen these throughout history. Native American Indians, though they lived in differentShow MoreRelatedThe Empire Of The Persian Empire1682 Words   |  7 PagesAchaemenid Persia was one of the first and greatest empires of the Fertile Crescent and beyond, as such, they would come into contact with diverse groups of people, one of which is the Jews of Judea. 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Mgt3202 (Change and Organization Development) Free Essays

Issues (Change and Organizational Development) As  organizations evolve and come to be seen as dynamic, coping systems, the concept of how they change and methods by which they manage change has continued to be refined. (Rafe Harwood, ND) The organizational change can be structural change, technology, people or task. Managing a process of change in an organization can be a highly complex task and is often essential for effective organizational development (OD). We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt3202 (Change and Organization Development) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The forces to boost the change in an organization are the Nature of the Workforce, Technology, Economic Shocks, Competition, Social Trends, and World Politics. Organizational Change entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation, and above all, consultation with, and involvement of, the people affected by the changes. (businessballs. com, 2012) * The observations made and any problems or issues reported by the people interviewed. Mr. NG KIAN BOON mentioned that his company, MITSUGOLD SDN. BHD. as experienced in changing organizational structure in terms of downsizing, he emphasize downsizing of his company is not shutting down the entire business or not because of not making profit within the organization, but to concentrate on the core and essential part of the business, and also to reduce the operating cost as they outsourcing to a real estate agency to help them do product promotion, marketing, and in house sales. He said that operational costs like computer, stationery, advertisement cost, space rental, utility bills and wages can be reduced when apply outsourcing. Moreover, real life example was given by him in his company, one of the tactful and experienced salesperson who already worked in MITSUGOLD SDN. BHD for more than 20 years ago since the company was established as a small size property developer. The woman is very used to do the sales work and she couldn’t do anything else except promoting project. As the world are changing more towards on high technology, most of the presentation are conducted by Microsoft PowerPoint and more visualize software as a presentation tools to give the potential buyer a clearer image of the product (eg. Residential unit) to attract them rather than the traditional ways of sales technique like verbally explained to them. As there is natural resistance over the organization change, MITSUGOLD SDN BHD will offer those employees a remuneration allowance to those does not want to change or couldn’t cope with the change. Whereas for those employees are willing to change, they will be offered a new job in other department or even promotion of the position, and also the training program. * The different perspectives on the situation which can be generated using Organization Behavior Theories and insights. The evaluation of the options for different potential recommendations amp; The chosen recommendations References: Rafe Harwood, Organizational Change in Today’s Economy, Rafe Harwood, year (Nil), online (accessed on 30th Oct 2012) available at: http://www. unfortu. net/~rafe/links/change. htm Businessballs. com, change management, Businessballs. com, 2012, online (accessed on 30th Oct 2012), available at: http://www. businessballs. com/changemanagement. htm http://managementhelp. org/organizationalchange/index. htm How to cite Mgt3202 (Change and Organization Development), Papers

Role of Japanese Tourism Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Japanese Tourism. Answer: SWOT analysis: Strengths The country is recognized on a global basis The operations of the tourist destinations are advantageous due to the well maintained internal factors Preservation of the historical sites attracts tourists Transportation system is good, as most of the destinations are connected either by rail or road networks (Ruoff 2014) Weaknesses Cost of living in the country is high, which increases the travelling costs Tourists have a limited budget, which may result in choosing other alternatives that are available within the budget Economic elements like the currency of Japan, Yen is rising in the exchange market This affects the tourists, as they have to exchange more currency to get a certain amount of the local currency (Kim and Lee 2017) Opportunities The UNWTO report have suggested that the region around Pacific and Asia had an annual growth of 6 percent during the period of 2005-14 due to the influx of large number of tourists Japan has gained lot of opportunities in showcasing the world about their country, as they have attracted many tourists The increase in the Chinese tourists has helped Japan to increase its tourist incomes The 2020 Olympic Games will be held in Tokyo, the capital of Japan that will result in attracting tourist of diverse cultures (Ruoff 2014) Threats The external factors are damaging the image of the country A country that is exposed to major disasters caused by nature Has recorded 2 earthquakes in the past 6 years, which resulted in loss of many lives Natural disasters caused nuclear blast that left place like Fukushima radio-active (Kim and Lee 2017) References Ruoff, K., 2014. Japanese Tourism to Mukden, Nanjing, and Qufu, 19381943.Japan Review, pp.171-200. Kim, J. and Lee, C.K., 2017. Role of tourism price in attracting international tourists: The case of Japanese inbound tourism from South Korea.Journal of Destination Marketing Management,6(1), pp.76-83.

Beowulf As A Christ-Like Figure Essays - Beowulf, Geats,

Beowulf As A Christ-Like Figure BEOWULF AS A CHRIST-LIKE FIGURE The epic poem, Beowulf, recounts the tale of a man named Beowulf who sacrifices his own safety to save the Danes from two evil dragons. Then, years later, Beowulf risks his life yet again to save his own people from a dragon. Throughout the story, Beowulf is presented as a Christ-like figure. This is manifested in the events that take place, the way that Beowulf speaks about himself, and the way the people treat him. The first way Beowulf's likeness to Christ is revealed, is through the events that take place. After Beowulf tells Hrothgar that he will fight Grendel, there is a celebration. During the celebration, Welthow, the queen raised a flowing cup (615) and poured a portion from the jeweled cup/ For each (621-622). When she got to Beowulf, she thanked God for answering her prayers (625). This event is strikingly similar to the Last Supper when Jesus passed around a cup of wine and gave thanks to God. Then, the crucifixion is portrayed when Beowulf fights Grendel's mother. During the stuggle, other monsters come to watch and beat at His mail shirt, stabbing with tusks and teeth/ As they followed along (1510-1511). Similarly, when Jesus was crucified, crowds drew near laughing at him, hurling insults, and spitting on him. Finally, Beowulf is said to have Gone to a glorious death (3037) and his soul Left his flesh, flew to glory (2820). This is similar to the resurrection of Jesus. All of these events clearly parallel the events of Jesus' day. What Beowulf says also shows his similarity to Christ. Beowulf says I already knew that all/ My purpose was this: to win the good will/ Of your people (633-635). Jesus also knew that it was his mission to come down to earth to save his people from their sins. Later, Beowulf says: . . . No one else could do What I mean to, here, no man but me Could hope to defeat this monster. No one Could try . . . (2532-2535) Likewise, Jesus was the only man who could do his job. Thus, no man could defea t evil without the help of God. Many of Beowulf's statements are true to what Jesus said and felt. One other way Beowulf is linked to Christ is through the way the people act towards him and speak of him. When Hrothgar hears that Beowulf has come to help him, he says that God Has sent him as a sign of His grace, a mark/ Of His favor, to help us defeat Grendel/ And end that terror (382-384). Therefore, Beowulf was like a savior to Hrothgar. Years later, Beowulf was faced with a dragon living in his own kingdom. However, Wiglaf says Too few of his warriors rememered/ To come, when our lord faced death, alone (2882-2883). None of Beowulf's followers defended him just as none of Jesus' followers defended him when he faced death. Lastly, after Beowulf dies, twelve of the bravest Geatts/ Rode their horses around the tower, (3170), mourning Beowulf, Crying that no better king had ever/ Lived, no prince so mild, no man/ So open to his people, so deserving of praise. (3180-3182). Just as the se twelve men did, the apostles preached about Jesus after his death. Therefore, the people's actions and opinons of Beowulf are very similar to people's actions and opinions of Jesus. Throughout the poem, there are many similarities between Beowulf and Jesus. These similarities are revealed through the actions and comments of the people, and the events. However, the latter is the most clear in making a connection between the two characters. Bibliography BEOWULF AS A CHRIST-LIKE FIGURE The epic poem, Beowulf, recounts the tale of a man named Beowulf who sacrifices his own safety to save the Danes from two evil dragons. Then, years later, Beowulf risks his life yet again to save his own people from a dragon. Throughout the story, Beowulf is presented as a Christ-like figure. This is manifested in the events that take place, the way that Beowulf speaks about himself, and the way the people treat him. The first way Beowulf's likeness to Christ is revealed, is through

Council Responsible for Genetics Essay Essays

Council Responsible for Genetics Essay Essays Council Responsible for Genetics Essay Paper Council Responsible for Genetics Essay Paper The Council for Responsible Genetics ( CRG ) is a non-profit NGO with a focal point on biotechnology. the Council for Responsible Genetics was founded in 1983 in Cambridge. Massachusetts. An early voice concerned about the societal and ethical deductions of modern familial engineerings. CRG organized a 1985 Congressional Briefing and a 1986 panel of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. both concentrating on the possible dangers of genetically engineered biological arms. Francis Boyle was asked to outline statute law puting bounds on the usage of familial technology. taking to the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989. CRG was the first organisation to roll up documented instances of familial favoritism. puting the rational basis for the Familial Information Non-discrimination Act of 2008 ( GINA ) . The organisation created both a Genetic Bill of Rights and a Citizen’s Guide to Genetically Modified Food. Besides noteworthy are CRG’s support for the â€Å"Safe Seeds Campaign† ( for avoiding cistron flow from genetically engineered to non-GE seed ) and the organisation of a US conference on Forensic DNA Databanks and Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System. In 2010 CRG led a successful run to turn over back a controversial pupil familial proving plan at the University of California. Berkeley. In 2011. CRG led a run to successfully ordain ( GINA ) in California which extended familial privateness and non-discrimination protections to life. disablement and long term attention insurance. mortgages. loaning and other countries. The People’s Petition The People’s Petition was an on-line run to show support for medical experimentation utilizing animate beings in the United Kingdom. Within a twelvemonth of launch the figure of signatures exceeded 21. 850 and included Tony Blair. the then-serving Prime Minister. By 13 May. the request had recorded 13. 000 signatures. The undermentioned twenty-four hours. in the aftermath of promotion around a figure of Acts of the Apostless of bullying by animate being rights militants. so British Prime Minister Tony Blair announced in the Sunday Telegraph. that he intended to add his name to the request. As an unusual move for a helping politician. Blair described his purpose as â€Å"a mark of merely how of import I believe it is that every bit many people as possible stand up against the bantam group of extremists endangering medical research and progresss in the UK. The request offered the chance for persons of any age or topographic point of abode to show support for three averments: * Medical research is indispensable for developing safe and effectual medical and veterinary interventions. necessitating some surveies utilizing animate beings. * Where there is no alternate available. medical research utilizing animate beings should go on in the UK. * Peoples involved in medical research utilizing animate beings have a right to work and populate without fright of bullying or onslaught.

Report on Religious Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Report on Religious Field Research - Essay Example Boundless light is both love and the element of love past the individual or human beings. This activity is not designed by any individual or for any individual. Boundless light is all inclusive. It argues that actual nature entails displaying everything and every individual as absolute love, and one of the forms of love involves the soul (Hagen, 1998). The soul also acknowledges that it is the expression of the love of real nature. In addition, meditation has been identified as a core part of the Buddhist religion. It is not clear the number of Christians who pray, but a large number of Buddhists all through history have not engaged in meditation. Until recent times, mediation has been perceived as a basic activity and is solely practiced by specified monks. Moreover, the Buddha largely laid emphasis on meditation, but a number of traditions, for example, the pure land engage in minimal or no meditation in their activities (Brodd, 2003). This paper will be a report on religious field research. The paper will discuss personal misconceptions on Buddhism, analyze how my previous understanding about Buddhism was changed through my encounter, discuss whether misconceptions about the religion of other people are widespread and an explanation on why or why not, and recommend a minimum of one action that could help lessen misconceptions individuals have about other people’s religion. Question 1 There are a number of misconceptions that I have had about Buddhism. One, that chanting is useless and meaningless. In contrast, Buddhist recitation or chanting contains explicit meanings with specified uses. There are also numerous forms of recitations. The recitation involving loving-kindness helps in passing loving-kindness to other human. Chanting also helps during meditation. It helps the mind in developing concentration (Hagen, 1998). Two, that Buddha is a god. Conversely, Buddhism does not follow the notion of God that is widespread to the monotheistic beliefs. Bud dhists hold the belief that all individuals have the power to become a Buddha. Three, that it is difficult to understand nibbana. In simple terms, nibbana refers to independence from the fundamental reasons of all suffering; the incorrect notion that people exists autonomously as a non-changing and intrinsic self. Nibbana illustrates the dousing of all delusion, hatred, and greed, causing extraordinary peace and clarity (Hagen, 1998). Three, that everything should be blamed on kamma. Conversely, kamma does not involve fatalism. Kamma refers to people’s choice expressed as actions of speech, body, or mind. What individuals presently go through, both pleasant and awful, are determined by the actions and thoughts of the individual in the past. Identically, what individuals will go through in the future is determined by their actions and thoughts in the present. A person’s kamma constantly changes based on how the individual act and think in the present times (Hagen, 1998) . Four, women are mediocre and is punishment to be born a woman. In contrast, Buddhism does not perceive women to be inferior to their male counterparts. Buddha was clear about treating both men and women in the same way. Buddha included females in the Sangha in spite of severe oppositions. Question 2 My previous understanding of Buddhism was changed through the encounter. First, I developed listening techniques so that I could hear what

Principal Institutions of the European Union Essay

Principal Institutions of the European Union - Essay Example The EU basis its foundation on the rule of law (Adams 2006, p.234) where it complies with treaties, voluntarily, and democratically agreed by all member countries (European Union 2014, p. 1). Indeed, the EU seeks to promote human rights both internally and around the world which leads to peace, stability, prosperity, and improved living standards in the member states (European Union 2014, p. 1). Notably, the EU operates through different institutions that include the European Council, Council of Ministers, European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Communities, European Court of Auditors, European Ombudsman, European Central Bank, and European Parliament. The principal institutions of the European Union include the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers, Court of Auditors, and the Court of Justice. Notably, the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Council of Ministers concentrate on EU legislation (European Union 2014, p. 1). The European Parliament represents the EU’s citizens, the Council of Ministers represents the governments of the individual member countries, and the European Commission represents the interests of the entire union (European Union 2014, p. 1). Most specifically, the European Parliament is the principal democratic institution of the EU system with a membership of 732 members. Europeans elect the members to the European Parliament for a 5-year term (Souper 2008, p. 1). The European Parliament exercises democratic control over all the EU institutions where it represents the political views of the member states and integrates the views and priorities of members into the system (European Parliament 2009, p. 1). The European Parliament shares legislative power with the Council and the Commission where it examines, amends, and passes EU legislation (European Parliament 2009, p. 1). It also sets the EU's annual budget and ensures that the Commission implements the EU policy (Souper 2008, p. 1).

Learning Styles For Student Nurses

Learning Styles For Student Nurses This assignment will be discussing on why it is believed that learning styles are useful to student nurses. In addition, it will focus on the students dominant learning style, acknowledging her own strengths and weaknesses, identifying areas where it is necessary to improve her weaker style and how these can be built on for the future. Kolbs (1984), Experiential learning model defines learning as the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience (p.26). Fleming (2001) defines learning style as an individuals characteristics and preferred ways of gathering, organizing, and thinking about information (p.1). According to Honey and Mumford learning styles (2006), we are all the product of our own learning, including everything we know, everything we do, everything we believe and everything we have learnt. Learning styles can be defined as a process where each person has different learning styles and method in which they learn. This depends on who and the type of learning they are. Everyone has different personalities and preferences on their likes and dislikes. Some people also tend to have different learning steps that act as guidelines to their personal learning style. Once student nurses have an idea on their learning style preferences, they will find it much easier to make some important decisions and choices for themselves. Indeed, Honey (2006) stated that learning styles preferences can be a revelation. The understanding of learning styles will be useful to student nurses because it allows student nurses to have a better chance of overcoming any difficult situation. Having a good understanding of how we learn can help us make smarter choices (Bishop, Bixby, Kravits et al, 1999). Understanding of learning styles will be useful for student nurses as it allows them to be successful on their nursing programme because knowing how they learn will significantly increase their chances of securing the best possible environment necessary for efficient work being carried out amongst members of the team. Some studies suggest that identification of learning strategies best suited for different learning styles may increase the learning effectiveness of each individual student and will increase student adaptive flexibility to alter their learning styles to respond to the learning demand of specific environment Carnell et al, 2000). In addition, an understanding of learning styles will allow student nurses to effectively target areas where an improvement is required. Duff (2004) suggests that: Students with a preference for a deep approach to studying as individuals who look for meaning in what they are learning and enjoy the learning activity; make connections to previous learning; use logic, reasoning, and evidence well; and examine critically what they have learned and are learning. (p.56). Student nurses with a preference will enjoy studying and organising their routines and managing their time in order for them to reach their highest grade possible. Understanding of learning styles will be useful to student nurses as it would help them identify the flaws present in their learning style. When they are able to recognise their learning style, it allows them to develop effective and appropriate skills amongst each other. Knowing their learning opportunities and the way which they learn best will make learning easier, more effective and more enjoyable. It saves them Tackling their learning on a hit and miss basis When they are equipped with different ideas and information about their learning preferences it will allow them to have more hits and fewer misses (Honey, 2006). When they acquire enough information about their learning styles, it enables them to locate areas that are harder and tricky to navigate for themselves. Understanding of their learning styles as a student nurse will improve their self-confidence and improve their self-image. Knowing their learning style as a student nurse will give them insight on their strengths and weakness and will enable them to enjoy their learning process. According to Heffler (2001), the individual learning has both strengths and weaknesses depending on what is to be learnt and how (p.307-316). Understanding of their learning styles will enable them to stay up to date professionally and help improve co-operation among their colleagues. Furthermore, understanding each style has an advantage and disadvantage. Knowing their learning styles will expand them as a person and help them to work and learn more effectively and more efficiently. Understanding of learning styles as a student nurse will let them learn their way through their own best strategies. We all have different personalities, so everyone has different ways of learning. We do not usually choose the type of activities that best suits us because we are unaware that some methods suit us and some do not (Jasper, 2003). According to Jasper (2003) Most of the learning that we are aware takes place in a formal learning situation where teaching and learning methods are not chosen by us but are imposed by other such as teachers, mentors and lecturers (p.44) My own dominant traits found from my Honey (2006) questionnaire includes; reflector, theorist and pragmatist. No-one learns completely in just one style, we all tend to fall under the one descriptor and borrow characteristics from the others (Kolb 1984). Gaining awareness in ways I learn best will be useful for me and will help me learn effectively in a way that suits me. Students with a preference for a strategic approach to studying want to organize their studying routines, manage their time, and learn what is expected to achieve the highest grade possible. (Duff 2004, P. 56-72). As a reflector, when with a group of friends, I listen to their opinions and apply my own understanding to the discussion before putting points across to other people to hear. I always prefer to take a thoughtful approach in whatever I have been told through using different perspectives. When I have been corrected about something, I always like to make decisions in my own time. At the end of the day, I always have the opportunity to think about what has happened throughout my day, what I have learned and what I could have done better. Although I generally have the opportunity to reflect on what has happened and how I could improve it, I am sometimes forced into situations that involve taking action without planning. For example, in the first day of my clinical placement, I was asked by one of the staff nurses to wash the patient, which I found quite difficult as I did not have much experience in that. As a theorist, Reflecting back on my past experience, I feel hesitant contributing to group work due to lack of confidence which then reflect in my work because when given an assignment, I tend to rush through them without planning and I struggle with time management. When given any tasks to carry out, I always ensure that I think through them step by step. I am quite good at asking probing questions for example what exactly do you mean by that. During my placement, when working with my mentor I discovered that I always ask the same questions repeatedly which got my mentor frustrated at times. I always find myself with people who ask searching questions. Also, I create time to explore the association and inter-relationships between ideas, events and situations. However, I feel uncomfortable with subjective matter and my approach to problems is always logical. I tend to be detached and dedicated to logical objectivity rather than anything subjective and often take unnecessary risks when doing things. I feel out of tune with other participant for example when I am with a lot of activists. As a pragmatist, during my placement, I observed how staff nurses worked in practice through ensuring providing good quality of care for the patient. All I learnt from my placement, I always ensure that I give myself an opportunity to try out what I have learnt and concentrating on the practical issues such as action plans. I am more comfortable in learning from a demonstration by someone showing me how it can be done. On the other hand, I am not very interested in theory or basics principles and tend to focus on tasks, instead of people which have made me impatient during any discussion with people. Although, I test things out in practice but I am likely to reject things without obvious application and I involve myself in unstructured activities where uncertainty is high. Knowing my own dominant learning has helped me recognise that other people approaches the same situation in a complete different way from me and this has helped me access the ability to learn from experiences. David Kolb (1984). Reflecting back on the feedback from Honey (2006) questionnaire, I realised that my score for activist is low so In order to strengthen my Activist style, according to Argyris (1962 emphasizing the process of how to learn, how to diagnose administrative situations, how to learn from experience- these are timeless wisdom (p.101-433). I will need to ensure that I learn from other peoples experience rather than just focusing on my own experience. This will benefit me as it would reduce the risk of making mistakes. To strengthen my activist style, I will experiment and involve myself with new and unfamiliar routines. I will involve myself more into conversations with other people, getting ideas off them and working as a team to solve problems. To strengthen my activist style, I will learn from new experiences opportunities and throw myself into tasks I think are difficult and challenging. Also, to strengthen my activist style, involve myself in more activities that require activists characteristics and ways of learning such as participating in situations emphasising emotions and feelings and listening more and reading about different ideas that emphasise logic. In conclusion, I have gained awareness about the ways in which I approach life, my attitude, beliefs and how I will use all these to exploit my learning opportunities throughout my course. Having recognised, explored on my previous experience, my own characteristics and approaches to life I can be able to actively plan to build up in succeeding on my course and while out in practice.

Porter

Michael five forces model Rivalry among competing Firms: this is usually the most powerful of the five competitive forces. The strategies pursued by one firm can be successful only to the extent that they provide competitive advantage over the strategies of other firms (Grobler 2009) ? Due to China’s incredibly high FDI rate, more and more companies are investing into Chinese businesses and strengthening them in both their domestic markets and also on the global front. With the ever increasing growth of their domestic markets it will only be a short while before they become the dominant market leader, if in this span of 30 years they could rise from nothing to 4th largest in the world then it shows what impact they really had and still have on the global economy. Potential entry of new competitors: whenever new firms can easily enter a particular industry, the intensity of competitiveness among firm’s increases. ?When new firms become strengthened through investments, they become direct competitors of the leaders in that industry. . g. A new Chinese innovation in the television industry grows rapidly, they will be direct competitors against any television firms based in China, for example LG and Sony Bargaining power of consumers: when consumers are concentrated, large or buy in volume their bargaining power represents a major force affecting intensity of competition in an industry (Grobler 2009) ? This goes for actual customers(public) and b2b businesses, because those that buy the larger quantities would get the cheaper rates no doubt, however in China how will that be decided? Will it be their size, market share, sales or Return on capital employed. Potential development of substitute products: in many industries firms are in close competition with producers of substitute products in other industries. ?As mentioned throughout this article, the Chinese have the ability to imitate anything, this factor will never disappear especially if Chinese firms enter European or American markets, how those manufacturers would react to the Chinese developments are unimaginable. Bargaining power of suppliers: the bargaining power of suppliers affects the intensity of completion in an industry, especially when there are large number of suppliers, when there are only a few good substitutes’ raw materials or when cost of switching materials is especially costly (Grobler 2009) Porter’s five forces will only be effective if it is done in a stable environment, it is done to see how attractive the industry is and if it is worth starting a new venture in that environment. Porter’s generic strategies †¢Cost leadership †¢Differentiation †¢Focus Cost leadership: Cost leadership means having the lowest per-unit (i. . , average) cost in the industry that is, lowest cost relative to your rivals. This could mean having the lowest per unit cost among rivals in highly competitive industries, in which case returns or profits will be low but however higher than competitors Or, this could mean having lowest cost among a few rivals where each firm enjoys pricing power and high profits Notice that cost leadership is defined independently of market structure. Differentiation: Differentiating the product offering of a firm means creating something that is perceived industry wide as being unique. It is a means of creating your own market to some extent. There are several approaches to differentiation: †¢Different design †¢Brand image †¢Number of features †¢New technology A differentiation strategy may mean differentiating along 2 or more of these dimensions. Focus: Here we focus on a particular buyer group, product segment, or geographical market. while low cost and differentiation are aimed at achieving their objectives industry wide, the focus or niche strategy is built on serving a particular target (customer, product, or location) very well. Note, however, hat a focus strategy means achieving either a low cost advantage or differentiation in a narrow part of the market. For reasons discussed above, this creates a defendable position within that part of the market. Risks of doing generic strategies Cost leadership †¢Requires continual capital investment because newer innovations cause older creations to become obsolete. †¢When focusing solely on making affordable low cost products, it can cause firms to be blinded to product changes that are needed. Ie. Quantity over quality †¢When costs do begin to increase it narrows the differences between competitors and advantage is ultimately lost For China, the main risk that would affect them the most is when focusing solely on quantity, especially because of their expertise in manufacturing they could lose sight of changes that need to be done to better sales. However, China does have the leading number of R&D departments, even though they might not be as innovative as the Japanese or South Koreans, they have the ability to imitate anything they produce which is why they play a major role in globalization, they can imitate anything except fresh air as they say. Differentiation Customer loyalty becomes too large to hold because of the cost differentiation between low cost firms and differentiating firms. †¢The consumer or buyer’s need to differentiate falls away because of price increases. †¢Imitation decreases perceived differentiation This area is where China are dominant, because they have the influence of causing differentiation to fail, because if the product looks the same, and does the same thing, the n why would they ever go for the more expensive, and thus Chinese markets prosper because economies of scale have brought their price down dramatically. This is also when manufacturers have to start looking for alternative suppliers because they now have to compete with China which is not an easy task, and in doing so, it almost definitely forces them to go global. Focus †¢When companies market to niches only they already take the risk of not completely satisfying a demographic segment and with other companies finding alternatives ways to better their market share eg. FDI or R&D labs, they face the risk of dissolving. On its own focus strategy’s should not be attempted by almost any kind of company, its main purpose is to satisfy a small group of consumers at a time, and if this is not the aim of the business then they are going to fall extremely short on their company vision. Books Grobler, W. (2009) Business strategy, CTI Education Group, Johannesburg. Johnson, G. scholes, K. Whittington, R. (2008) Exploring corporate strategy, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.

Dr. Beckett’s Dental Office Essay

Introduction: Services are more different and very complex activities. The word service originally was associated with the work servants did for their master. As the dictionary define as â€Å"the action of serving, helping, or benefiting; conduct tending to the welfare or advantage of another†. On the other word, service are economic activities between two parties, implying an exchange of value between seller and buyer in the marketplace. Furthermore, the services are described as performances that are time-based, and bring about desired result to recipients, objects, or other assets for responsibility of purchasers. Experience is the best indicator of how good the service providers are. However, since there could be probable problems with consistency of quality, it is even more risky even with some experience to account. More so if the service is quite expensive, how could the marketers, guarantee the customers will satisfy the service as their expectation. That is why analyzing the factors for service marketing is a more tedious work compared to marketing goods. More factors are taken into consideration to ensure quality and minimize the risk. But quality entails costs, and not all consumers are able, and willing to gamble paying much for something unsure. Background of the study: Dr. Barbro Beckett is a dentist who seeks to differentiate her practice on the basis of quality. She was taught in the academe all about the technical part of dentistry but nothing on the business side. She had no formal training on how to run a business or how to assess customer needs. That wasn’t a resulting from labor laws, malpractice insurance, and the constant need to invest in new equipment and staff training as new technologies were introduced, her overhead expenses skyrocketed to 70-80% of revenues exclusive of her wages and office rentals. Furthermore, there was a movement in the U.S. to reduce the health care costs to insurance companies, employers and patients through large health maintenance organizations (HMO’s) who sets prices by putting an upper limit on the amount that doctors and dentists could charge for various procedures. But then again, Dr. Beckett, as a competitive dentist wanting to offer the highest level of dental care rather than being a low-cost provider, refused to become an HMO  provider for the reimbursement rate 80-85% of what she normally charge for treatment. Quality entails costs as they say, which is why patients of Dr. Beckett sometimes had to pay fees that were not covered by their insurance policies. If the quality difference is not substantial, then patients would rather go to HMO dentist offering lower costs. Therefore, Dr. Beckett decided to redesign the dental facilities, equipment and bring the best service delivery to the customer. Redesigning the Service Delivery System 1. Facilities and Equipment Dr. Beckett’s new office was Scandinavian in design. The waiting room and reception area were decorated with modern furniture, live plants, and flower and played softly classic music. Moreover, the clinic will provide the coffee or tea and magazines as well as the playground area for the children while their waiting for their appointments. Furthermore, the treatments areas were both functional and appealing, which provide the literature to explain what patients needed to do to maximize the benefits. 2. Service Personnel The staff members were separated by job function into â€Å"front office† (including receptionist, secretarial and financial) and â€Å"back office† (hygienists and chair side assistants) workers. Dr. Beckett valued her friendships with the staff members and involved them in the decision-making process by having a weekly meeting to discuss more strategic issue and resolve any problems. Moreover, Dr. Beckett provided her staffs many training or attending classes and workshops for improving their skill. She also rewarded their hard work by giving monthly bonuses and extra incentive to improve service delivery. 3. Procedures and Patients All the office systems were redesigned under the main goals which was to standardize some of the routine procedures and all the patients would receive the same level care. Key Managerial Problems The new policy from Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) The health maintenance organizations set the upper limit price for medical charge which give the advantages to patients. That their health insurance covered virtually all costs. But the doctors and dentists may not able to provide certain/high level of services under that limit price. Dr. Beckett had decided not to become a health maintenance organizations provider. She felt that she could not provide high-quality care to patients at those rate. She wanted to offer the highest level of dental care rather than being a low-cost provider. Refer to Dr. Beckett decision, she wanted the work environment to reflect her own personality and values as well as providing a pleasant place for her staff to work. Since higher quality care was more costly. She supposed that the quality differences are visible to the patients which they can realize and discover that it is worth to pay. The biggest challenge The biggest challenge for hospital/medical business is the customers have negative attitude and feel inconvenience to be applied the services. People who is willing to use the services mostly is patient that has uncomfortable feeling with their conditions. Dr. Beckett tried to reinforce the idea that quality dental care depend on a positive long-term relationship between patients and the dental team. It could be difficult to maintain a positive attitude. The job required precision and attention to detail, and the procedures were often painful for patients. Situation Evaluations Qualitative: 1. Service attributes Search attributes. The tangible characteristics that customer can evaluate before purchase. For example, clothing and furniture, â€Å"back office staffs† wear uniform in cheerful shades of pink, purple, and blue that matched the office dà ©cor can allow prospective consumers to try out. Experience attributes. The intangible characteristics that customer cannot evaluate before purchase. Customer must experience the service before such as reliability and customer support. In this case, customer experience can refer to 2,000 active patients. Also, Dr. Beckett’s patients often had to wait for 3-4 months for a routine cleaning and exam. Credence attributes. It’s not easy for customer to determine the quality how well the dentist have performed complex dental procedures, skills, and professionalism. Refer to the case; Dr. Beckett believed that referrals were a real advantage because new patients didn’t come in â€Å"cold†. All new patients were required to have an initial exam so that Dr. Beckett could do a needs assessments and education them about her service. Thus, the first indication to patients can make customer feel â€Å"warm† and â€Å"credence†. 2. Perceived risk Perceived risk is especially relevant for services that are difficult to evaluate before purchase and consumption, and first-time users are likely to face greater uncertainty. How Dr. Beckett’s dental office handle perceived risk? Functional (unsatisfactory performance outcomes): there was a small conference room with toys for children and DVD player that was used to show patients educational films about different dental procedures. Also, the chairs in the examining rooms were very comfortable. And attractive mobiles hanging from the ceiling to distract patients from unfamiliar sounds and sensations. Temporal (wasting time, consequences of delays): office policy specified that patients should be kept waiting no longer than 20 minutes, and staffs often called patients in advance if there would be delay. Psychological (personal fears and emotions): since most people disliked going to the dentist or felt that it was an inconvenience and come with negative attitude. Dr. Beckett tried to reinforce the idea that quality dental care depended on a positive long-term relationship between patients and the dental team. This Philosophy was reflected in the waiting area â€Å"We are a caring, professional dental team serving motivated, quality-oriented patients interested in keeping healthy smiles for a lifetime. Our goal is to offer a progressive and educational environment. Your concerns are our focus†. Social (how others think and react): most active patients who came infrequently are white-collar workers with professional jobs (university employees, health care workers, and managers/owners of local establishments). She did no advertising; all her business came from positive word of mouth by current patients. 3. Service expectation Expectation may come from word of mouth comments. For example: Patients could enjoy a cup of tea or coffee, magazine and newspaper while they waited for  their appointments. The treatment areas were both functional and appealing. Hygienists, a part of a largest team that worked together to provide quality care to patients. 90% of patients’ perceptions of quality come from their interactions with the front desk. â€Å"Thank you card† and â€Å"follow-up calls†, â€Å"gift bag† to patients Staff performance had to update their skills by attending classes and workshops. Make patients as comfortable as possible. Quantitative: About 2,000 active patients and waiting 3-4 months customers