Cultural Differences Paper - 892 Words

Cultural Differences Paper Cultural Differences Introduction Many people throughout the world indentify themselves by their cultural background. It is common knowledge that there are many different cultures throughout the world. Each culture has its similarities and differences. Every individual has multiple identities Race, ethnic, gender, national, regional, organizational, personal, cyber/fantasy—that act in concert. The importance of any single identity is a result of the situation. As the context varies, you may choose to emphasize one or more of your identities. A conceptual inquiry into race or gender would seek an articulation of our concepts of race or gender (Riley 1988). For outside a rather narrow segment of the academic†¦show more content†¦People with gender identity disorder may act and present themselves as members of the opposite sex and may express a desire to alter their bodies. The disorder affects an individuals self-image, and can impact the persons mannerisms, behavior, and dress. Individuals who are com mitted to altering their physical appearance through cosmetics, hormones and, in some cases, surgery are known as transsexuals A person with a gender identity is a person who strongly identifies with the other sex. The individual may identify with the opposite sex to the point of believing that he/she is, in fact, a member of the other sex who is trapped in the wrong body. This causes that person to experience serious discomfort with his/her own biological sex orientation. The gender identity disorder causes problems for this person in school, work or social settings. This disorder is different from transvestism or transvestic fetishism where cross-dressing occurs for sexual pleasure, but the transvestite does not identify with the other sex (Ruble DN 1994) Racial Identity Racial identity is which racial society a person mostly identifies with. However, in today’s world many people have two or more racial identities that make it more difficult for them to grasp and understand the cultural traditions and beliefs. On of the most prominent influences in America is President Barack Obama. As the Unites States first black president has taken office, aShow MoreRelatedCultural Differences Paper1668 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Cultural Differences Paper Jessica Fuentes COM 360 September 10, 2014 Mary Wardlaw There are cultural differences within all the communities that make up the world, we are constantly surrounded and reminded of these other cultures. In this paper cultural differences will be discussed from the film â€Å"Why Did I Get Married?† which is an African-American movie about the hardships one goes through in marriage, friendships, and trust. This paper is going to give specific examplesRead MoreSpan 110 Complete Course Span110 Complete Course695 Words   |  3 Pagescom/q/span-110-complete-course-span110-complete-course/13563 SPAN 110 WEEK 2 TEAM ASSIGNMENT CULTURAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE ARTS PAPER Select  two countries where Spanish is the predominant language to serve as the basis for the Learning Team assignments in this course. Obtain faculty approval for your selections. Research  the cultural customs, such as dance, music, theater, and the visual arts for each of your selected countries. Write  a 700- to 1,050-word paper on the cultural customs in your selected countries. Include theRead MoreHow Educational And Cultural Environment Of A Subject Can Make A Difference Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesSummary: Prior research on professional scepticism focused mostly on the trait perspective .But this paper by argues the mostly commonly held assumption that individual personality attributes are static. The main focus of this paper is how educational and cultural environment of a subject can make a difference in their personality variable self-construal and therefore influence sceptical judgment. There has not been any research done in this respect that involves Chinese accounting student in ChinaRead MoreCultural Constraints in Management by G. Hofstede904 Words   |  4 PagesA Critical Review of Hofstede, G. 1993, Cultural Constraints in Management Theories, The Executive, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 81-94. There have been many research and studies on the national cultures and its consequences on management theories by numerous researchers. Of those many, ‘Cultural constraints on management theories,’ by Hofstede (1993) is one that has been talked about by most scholars. He strongly claimed that management is a function of culture and that culture influences the way managersRead MoreChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors1216 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors in Clinical Supervision Personal Preparation My specialization paper will focus on the challenges faced by ethnic minority supervisors in clinical supervision. My paper is guided by the courses I took in the doctoral program, my personal experience as a supervisor and the gaps in literature review that motivated me to pursue this area of research. In the past two and a half years of my doctoral program, I took courses (advanced clinical supervisionRead MoreInternational Staffing990 Words   |  4 PagesCheckPoint – International Staffing HRM 240 - Human Resource Management October 23, 2010 International Staffing This paper was written for the purpose of exploring the cultural variances in international business and geographical locations of home offices, and remote locations in different countries. Currently organizations are realizing the significance challenges of working in a diverse and challenging environment. â€Å"Staffing a site internationally can add new responsibilitiesRead MoreCross Cultural Relationship Between People And People From Different Cultural Backgrounds Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesCross Cultural Relationships Abstract This term paper focuses on different types of relationships, be it personal, professional or marital, between people from different cultural backgrounds. The objective of this paper is to list out the ways in which to have a healthy relationship between people who are so different from each other. This has a major significance in today’s world as people are beginning to accept each other on a wider basis across nations and as a result there comes a situationRead MoreSocial Capital And Cultural Capital915 Words   |  4 PagesSocial and cultural capital are two very important factors for school success as these factors explain the differences in achievement gap.  ¬According to Golash-Boza, social capital is â€Å"the relationships and networks that students have† and cultural capital is â€Å"the cultural resources a student has at his or her disposal† (Golash-Boza 225). For social capital, it is basically knowing someone who already has experience of accompli shment in education. It is important to know someone close to a studentRead MoreCultural Differences1094 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Differences In every culture, people work diligently to find a common ground for acceptance and tolerance. Typically, people are accepting of various social criteria that are oftentimes associated with a specific ethnicity. However, many individuals simply tolerate the beliefs, standards, values, and behaviors of other individuals in society while inwardly opposed to the model of the displayed behaviors of other individuals as it relates to another individuals beliefs, value systems, andRead MoreThe Challenges Faced By International Students In Higher Education852 Words   |  4 Pagesstruggle with language issues and cultural differences during their studies, especially more noticeable with Chinese students as they reach 33% and 66% of the whole international student population in Canada and South Korea, respectively (CBIE, 2016; Kim, 2017). This paper aims to examine the challenges faced by international students in Canada and South Korea, and explore what support system are available to support the student learning in academics, social and cultural aspects. As a Canadian immigrant

Elementay Schools Classroom Observation - 1908 Words

Some students in elementary school seem to breeze through their school years, whereas others struggle, putting them at risk for getting lost in our educational system and not reaching their full potential. Parents and teachers want to help students succeed, but there is little guidance as to which learning techniques are the most effective for improving educational outcomes. This leads students to implement studying strategies that are often ineffective, resulting in minimal gains in performance. As educators, one of the main goals in the classroom is to have students be able to transfer the material they learn in the classrooms and translate that to the real world. We must produce effective problem-solving and critical-thinking skills in our young students so that they are ready to overcome any problem that awaits them. In order to get a better understanding, I visited three schools in the Selinsgrove area school district. I visited the Selinsgrove Intermediate and Elementary School s and I also visited the Child Development Center located on the campus of Susquehanna University. The first classroom I observed was in the Intermediate School and the teacher that I observed was Mr. Moll. Mr. Moll was a third-grade teacher for the school district, and while visiting him, I noticed that he seemed to be very energetic and encouraging towards his students. This is important when dealing with students at such a young age because they can be influenced by anyone who is of higher

Developing Menus for Special Dietary Requirements

Question: Discuss about the Developing Menus for Special Dietary Requirements. Answer: Introduction: This menu was taken in a local restaurant that offers specializes in Chinese food. The menu is divided into seven categories namely, appetizers, soup, egg foo young, vegetables, seafood, beef and chicken or pork. These categories are then subdivided into various meal combinations. For the appetizers, a there is a variety of combinations that provide a wholesome meal. However, the protein components are significant compared to vitamins and carbohydrates. Additionally, most of the appetizers are fried providing higher levels of cholesterol. Also, most appetizers consist of chicken products. They contain a high percentage of fats, protein and vitamin B-6. The next class is soups which range from egg soup to vegetable and noodle soup. Beef and chicken soup represent proteins in this group. They are highly nutritious as they contain a variety of vitamins such as vitamin A and C as well as iron and potassium. However, some such as chicken soup may contain cholesterol. They do not constitute carbohydrates. The next group is egg foo young (fried rice). Rice provides a relatively high percentage of carbohydrates. It has no fats and very low levels of vitamins and minerals. On the other hand, eggs contain high cholesterol and proteins (Jenkins, et al. 2003). Besides, some people tend to be allergic to high levels of protein found in eggs. Nonetheless, vitamins such as A, B-12, and D are found in eggs as well as calcium. The vegetable category is minimal containing peapods and string beans. Which these foods are healthy as they lack fats and are high in vitamins, they also deficient in protein. Besides, they are not preferred by many people. The seafood category majors on shrimp. Shrimp has high cholesterol and proteins. It also contains minerals such as sodium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and calcium. It contains no vitamins and carbohydrates (Sass, 2014). Beef is the other classification which is combined with vegetables and sauce. Carbohydrates are minimal in this group while proteins and iron levels are high. Beef also has relatively low cholesterol compared to chicken and eggs. The saturated fats in beef are high, and so are vitamins B-6 and B12. Lastly is the chicken or pork segment. Pork is barbecued, and chicken is presented with vegetables, mushrooms, and broccoli. Chicken has high levels of saturated fats and cholesterol. It contains proteins and vitamin B-6 in high levels. Additionally, iron, sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium are present. However, it lacks carbohydrates ("Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat only, cooked, roasted Nutrition Facts Calories," 2014). Alternatively, pork has lower levels of saturated fats and cholesterol compared to chicken. It has proteins and high compositions of potassium. It contains vitamins B-12, B-6 and D. iron, magnesium, sodium, and calcium are also present but at lower levels compared to beef (Souci, Fachmann, Kraut, 2000). This menu seems to cover most foods but lacks any drinks. Besides, it concentrates on foods with high cholesterol. It does not take into account clients that are allergic to highly protein foods. Besides, foods are restricted to proteins and a very limited range of vegetables thus it is not preferred by vegetarians. Foods are also low in carbohydrates and energy except for the category with rice. This menu, therefore, requires some changes. It should concentrate on low cholesterol foods such as vegetables and increase the types of carbohydrates provided. Additionally, nutritious drinks and other preferred drinks should be provided. Ingredients such as chicken and shrimp should be reduced, and vegetables increased. The cooking process may shift from making chicken meals to vegetable salads. The cost will relatively change to accommodate the providence of drinks. These changes will accommodate customers who require low cholesterol foods, accommodated those with protein-related allergies and those who prefer vegetables to meat. This menu consists of seven groups namely, dinner, dessert, combinations, vegetables, sandwiches, side orders and beverages. However, unlike the first menu, it contains fried and barbecued meat as well as snacks. Additionally, the available kinds of meat are chicken and baby back ribs. Dinner and the combination groups consist of chicken and baby back ribs, while the dessert is either banana pudding, lemon pie or carrot cake. Sandwiches consist of chopped chicken or barbecue accompanied by lemonade or tea. The vegetable group is more diverse than the first menu to comprise of steamed cabbages, corn and butter beans, potato salad, collard greens and Brunswick stew. The side orders are in the vegetable category and include French fries and hush puppies. Additionally, the menu has canned drinks, iced tea, and lemonade for beverages. This list concentrates on high protein foods that also contain high cholesterol levels particular chicken. The desserts offered are high in sugar and so are the can drink provided. This menu provides little carbohydrates foods. However, the vegetables offered are quite diverse providing healthy foods and vitamins ("Vegetable Nutrition," 2017). Chicken and back ribs contain minerals and vitamins required by the body. According to this menu, customers with diabetes and cholesterol-related problems are at a loss since the foods available contain both high sugar levels and cholesterol. Additionally, since most meals consist of barbecued meat, the food contains high calories (Nielsen, 2010). Nonetheless, it provides a variety of foods to accommodate different preferences. Therefore, the menu requires changes. The quantity of barbecued meat should be reduced and replaced with foods with low calories levels. A category of soups should be introduced to accommodate clients who want fluids. This changes will affect the cooking process which will shift from grilling to making salads. The cost will relatively reduce and some ingredients, especially those used in barbecue eliminated. References Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat only, cooked, roasted Nutrition Facts Calories. (2014). Nutritiondata.self.com. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/poultry-products/703/2 Sass, C. (2014). 7 Things You Should Know About Shrimp. Health.com. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://www.health.com/nutrition/calories-in-shrimp Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Marchie, A., Faulkner, D. A., Wong, J. M., de Souza, R., ... Trautwein, E. A. (2003). Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs. lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. Jama, 290(4), 502-510. Nielsen, S. S. (Ed.). (2010). Food analysis (p. 550). New York: Springer. Souci, S. W., Fachmann, W., Kraut, H. (2000). Food composition and nutrition tables (No. Ed.6). Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers. Vegetable Nutrition. (2017). Vegetables. Retrieved 15 March 2017, from https://www.vegetables.co.nz/health/vegetable-nutrition/

The experience economy

The sports industry is one of the key income generating industries in the world. It consists of a market whereby the businesses products are sports related. The products may be services, goods, people, places or thoughts. In society, sports play a crucial role and it is clear that it is indispensable. Besides, media involvement in the sports industry has developed close links between sports and other industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The experience economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sports industry and the economical, rational behavior of sports operators Though sports industry has been found to be a core revenue source for different states, the industry does not totally apply economic principles in its operations since it is not purely business oriented. Apart from the provision of revenue, it has other crucial roles which include recreation, health promotion of individuals involved, promotion of social contacts and environmental conservation among others. Mostly, many of the sports industry activities are financed by sponsors who have no personal interests and who not necessarily require anything in return. As a result, this industry has been able to grow at exceptionally high rate. As the economy becomes unstable, it is expected the sports industry will tighten its conditions if it has to purely apply economic principles. Some of the changes expected to be introduced include increasing the prices of the tickets sold to fans to watch a certain game. If this happens, many fans will opt not to watch their favorite games through televisions. Hence the industry may not achieve its objectives. Most of the players are sponsored by well wishers in the sports industry because many have talents in their respective sports but not financially stable. If the sponsors applied economic principles, then there would be no sponsors willing to help the economically challenged but talented p ersons in society. This will discourage the promotion of social contacts of the poor and the industry would be left for the rich. In addition, there would be no discovery of talents and completion would be low hence the sports industry will have no future. Sustainability of sporting leagues in Australia (netball, ice hockey and A-league football) In Australia, there are many sporting leagues in the various types of sports. Sustaining a league requires different stakeholders to support it in different possible ways. Moreover, having many leagues in different sporting activities in a state may be cumbersome to manage.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact that all the leagues require finances in order to run, some of them will not be able to acquire enough finances because they will have to share the few available funds. Only the popular leagues will be able to survive beca use many sponsors will be willing to support them. The netball, ice hockey and the A-league were not sustainable in Australia because it was quite challenging to get enough finances. Due to the various leagues in a state, some of them can attract a sizeable population of supporters hence gaining popularity than the rest. If a league is popular, it grows faster because the best players, referees, coaches and other stakeholders will be willing to be identified with it. Other leagues face the challenge of not being able to get the qualified players and therefore difficult to sustain. This explains some of the reasons why netball, Ice hockey and the A-leagues in Australia are unsustainable. In recap, sports industry is crucial towards developing economies of different states and also to improve the social contact of a community. Hence, it should be managed carefully and all decisions should be based on the success of the industry but not personal interests. This essay on The experience economy was written and submitted by user Ignacio Lindsay to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bill Gates and Steve Jobs since 1980 essays

Bill Gates and Steve Jobs since 1980 essays In the early 80s the world so the initial boom of the computer era. The first personal computers were sold and the main players of the business were sorted out. Two of the prominent figures were Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. Each pioneering their own front, the two entered the 90s as the computer world celebrities. By the mid 90s each of these tycoons' life had taken many turns and twists, albeit for the better usually. Bill Gates' 1995 was a bit hectic, this was the year of the huge unveiling of windows 95. After many delayed attempts to get it out Gates released windows 95 in August without Microsoft Plus, as had been earlier said, this was due to time restrictions as changing windows 95 to 96 would be a waste of money and probably more seriously the worst move commercially any company would ever make. With the release of Windows 95 the world saw the largest over media onslaught to sell a product. Also with the release of Windows came Microsoft's foray into the Internet market share. In hindsight this perhaps may not have been the best move to make. 1996 passed with much criticism of Gates' operating system, people said it was unstable, hard to figure out and anything else possible. 1997 came around with rumours of a new operating system in the works dubbed Chicago. This was perhaps a rumour but more likely the beginning of Windows 98. In 1998 Gates released this newer version of Window s 95, which made the world Gates' subject for the biggest beta test ever. Windows 98 was just an upgrade of 95. Upgrade may be an understatement, but on the surface it is almost identical, underneath they are worlds apart. Recently Microsoft's ghosts have come to haunt them. Netscape, their main rival in the Internet division, had started an Anti-trust case in the federal supreme court. The accusations spawned from a dispute where Netscape's browser were being loaded onto pre made Compaq computers and Microsoft did not approve of thi...

Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal, and the Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal, and the Trail of Tears The Indian Removal policy of President Andrew Jackson was prompted by the desire of white settlers in the South to expand into lands belonging to five Indian tribes. After Jackson succeeded in pushing the Indian Removal Act through Congress in 1830, the U.S. government spent nearly 30 years forcing Indians to move westward, beyond the Mississippi River. In the most notorious example of this policy, more than 15,000 members of the Cherokee tribe were forced to walk from their homes in the southern states to designated Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma in 1838. Many died along the way. This forced relocation became known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† because of the great hardship faced by Cherokees. In brutal conditions, nearly 4,000 Cherokees died on the Trail of Tears. Conflicts With Settlers Led to Indian Removal There had been conflicts between whites and Native Americans since the first white settlers arrived in North America. But in the early 1800s, the issue had come down to white settlers encroaching on Indian lands in the southern United States. Five Indian tribes were located on land that would be highly sought for settlement, especially as it was prime land for the cultivation of cotton. The tribes on the land were the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole. Over time the tribes in the south tended to adopt white ways such as taking up farming in the tradition of white settlers  and in some cases even buying and owning African American slaves. These efforts at assimilation led to the tribes becoming known as the â€Å"Five Civilized Tribes.† Yet taking up the ways of the white settlers did not mean the Indians would be able to keep their lands. In fact, settlers hungry for land were actually dismayed to see Indians, contrary to all the propaganda about them being savages, adopt the farming practices of the white Americans. The Attitude of Andrew Jackson Toward Indians The accelerated desire to relocate Indians to the West was a consequence of the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson had a long and complicated history with Indians, having grown up in frontier settlements where stories of Indian attacks were common. At various times in his early military career, Jackson had been allied with Indian tribes  but had also waged brutal campaigns against Indians. His attitude toward Native Americans was not unusual for the times, though by today’s standards he would be considered a racist as he believed Indians to be inferior to whites. One way to view Jackson’s attitude toward Indians was that he was paternalistic, believing the Indians to be like children who needed guidance. And by that way of thinking, Jackson may well have believed that forcing the Indians to move hundreds of miles westward may have been for their own good, as they would never fit in with white society. Of course, the Indians, not to mention sympathetic white people ranging from religious figures in the North to the backwoods hero turned Congressman Davy Crockett, saw things quite differently. To this day Andrew Jacksons legacy is often tied to his attitudes toward Native Americans. According to an article in the Detroit Free Press in 2016, many Cherokees, to this day, will not use $20 bills because they bear the likeness of Jackson. Cherokee Leader John Ross Fought Against Indian Removal Policies The political leader of the Cherokee tribe, John Ross, was the son of a Scottish father and a Cherokee mother. He was destined for a career as a merchant, as his father had been, but became involved in tribal politics and in 1828 Ross was elected the tribal chief of the Cherokee. In 1830, Ross and the Cherokee took the audacious step of trying to retain their lands by filing suit against the state of Georgia. The case eventually went to the U.S. Supreme Court, and Chief Justice John Marshall, while avoiding the central issue, ruled that the states could not assert control over the Indian tribes. According to legend, President Jackson scoffed, saying, â€Å"John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it. And no matter what the Supreme Court ruled, the Cherokees did face serious obstacles. Vigilante groups in Georgia attacked them, and John Ross was nearly killed in one attack. Indian Tribes Were Forcibly Removed In the 1820s, the Chickasaws, under pressure, began moving westward. The U.S. Army began forcing the Choctaws to move in 1831. The French author Alexis de Tocqueville, on his landmark trip to America, witnessed a party of Choctaws struggling to cross the Mississippi with great hardship in the dead of winter. The leaders of the Creeks were imprisoned in 1837, and 15,000 Creeks were forced to move westward. The Seminoles, based in Florida, managed to fight a long war against the U.S. Army until they finally moved westward in 1857. The Cherokees Were Forced to Move Westward Along the Trail of Tears Despite legal victories by the Cherokees, the United States government began to force the tribe to move west, to present-day Oklahoma, in 1838. A considerable force of the U.S. Army more than 7,000 men was ordered by President Martin Van Buren, who followed Jackson in office, to remove the Cherokees. General Winfield Scott commanded the operation, which became notorious for the cruelty shown to the Cherokee people. Soldiers in the operation later expressed regret for what they had been ordered to do. Cherokees were rounded up in camps and farms which had been in their families for generations were awarded to white settlers. The forced march of more than 15,000 Cherokees began in late 1838. And in the cold winter ​conditions, nearly 4,000 Cherokee died while trying to walk the 1,000 miles to the land where they had been ordered to live. The forced relocation of the Cherokee thus became known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears.†

Research Paper of Philosophy Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Of Philosophy - Research Paper Example These are called incompatibilists and are divided into two; metaphysical libertarianism and hard determinists. Metaphysical libertarianists claim that determinism does not exist and therefore free will is at least possible. On the other hand, hard determinists argue that determinist really exists and thus free will is not possible. There are also compatibilists who hold that determinism is inevitable for free will to exist because choice is guided by preferences. Where preferences are involved, one course of action is preferred over another and in this case some senses are involved on the way the choices will be made (Goodwin 11). In this case, compatibilists have considered the debate between libertarians and hard determinists over free will and determinism as a misguided and false dilemma (Richards 142). The views presented by compatibilists, that free will exist with determinism, is consistent with my own and in this paper I show their argument and the objections presented by incompatibilists. The first question to pose is; are we free? Is there such thing as free will or choice? Most scholars have deliberated on the issue of free will or choice and the big question has sought to answer the question as to whether we are really free (Jaworski, Chap 13). The fact that I choose to stand by compatibilists view that free will exists in this paper, and not the reverse position is already an indication that I am free to choose. Free will is that ability of an agent or agents to make choices without control of factors from within or from without. The factors that have been put on spot regarding control are many including physical, psychological, metaphysical, social, economic, and political among other possible constraints in making a free choice (Jaworski, Chap 13). In the analysis of Clark (1999: 280)Â  the principle of free choice is controlled by ethics, religion, science and law and the implications are viewed

The American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

The American Dream - Essay Example Activists like Martin Luther King also called for freedom that was more directed at the black Americans but not the whole America population. The variations listed shows that the dream is somehow different to the people (Kelly 20). Although the American dream is unique and it means different to various individuals, achieving it is completely a hard and demanding task. One of the challenges that make achieving the dream hard is the fact that the opportunities that exist in the country are hidden and they require a combination of knowledge and wisdom to access. Like in an example, there are limited job opportunities that call for high qualifications while majority of the individuals do not meet the requirements (Horswell 43) Again, most of the Americans still have a strong believe that their problems solution lies in the hands of the government and that big businesses will boost their economic growth without personal efforts, thus making it hard to achieve the American dream (Kochan 63). Finally, the American dream tries to inspire hopes and optimism to the American people that are not accompanied by the appropriate resource to achieve. The result of this is that most of the people come up with big dreams forget ting the fact that, to meet these dreams, there are infrastructure needed, resource mobilization and improvement that needs to be put into place. To achieve the improvements, people need to be engaged in well-paying jobs, have quality education and work hard which is not the case in the country (Kelly 21). The small business ventures are the spine of the economy of the U.S because it provides employment for tens of millions of the Americans. The businesses create most of the jobs that people in the U.S are engaged in. It, therefore, gets important for the government to come up with an adequate way of financing and giving credit to the small business to spur manufacturing and the expansion of the businesses (Ringer 80). The nature

Social factors effecting educational attainment Essay Example for Free

Social factors effecting educational attainment Essay This essay will attempt to examine the extent to which home factors may affect social class differences in educational attainment, looking at factors such as culture, income and the nature of the curriculum with reference to sociological theories. The essay will consider these factors, mainly focusing on home factors, and attempt to conclude which if any factors have the largest impact on educational achievement. The first part of this essay will look at the home factors and how they affect educational attainment, home factors essentially define our social class, aspects like income, space per person and effective money earned per year all amount to our class in society. For the purpose of this essay we define class as â€Å"A set or category of things having some property or attribute in common and differentiated from others by kind, type, or quality† and in reference to how this is being used in this essay we have three classes in the UK, the upper class which has the highest net worth and will often contain a family legacy of money, the middleclass who are people with higher level jobs such as managerial positions in company’s and the working class which consists of people working manual, often unskilled jobs which results in the lowest net worth of the three. Highlighting the difference in terms of educational attainment when it comes to social class is important as it allows us to focus on the working class and what affects their children in school. The Youth Cohort Study found that in 1998 children who had parents working in a managerial or professional position on average would achieve a 69% rate of 5 or more GCSE’s at A*-C level compared to children with parents working unskilled manual jobs only achieving a 20% rate. (Youth Cohort Study 2002, 2006, 2008). From this figure we can see how your class affects your level of educational attainment. This essay will now look at the home factors effecting social class and thus educational attainment. Feinstein conducted research into how educational attainment was based around parental attitude and support; this was often times measured by teacher’s assessments of how much interest the parents showed. This would mean that working class children would receive less help , support and encouragement with their school work when compared to a middle class child, Feinstein argued this was a major factor in educational attainment and pointed out that working class people who are earning less in unskilled manual jobs may have to work more hours and because of the physical nature of the job may be more tired and thus not have the time or energy to attend which would give the teachers a negative perception of the parents. Douglas, Gerwitz and Halsey all argued that home factors such as poor diet, lack of privacy and lack of school resources could all play a role in determining what social class a family would be classified as and thus how it would effect educational attainment. Douglas believed that a number of factors such as size of the family which would mean less space to work in, students health; which would be affected by the diet they could afford which would be poorer in working class family’s and the amount of support they could afford would all effect educational attainment. These are all areas which will be worse off when comparing working class family’s to middle class family. Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory builds upon this idea of class effecting educational attainment and states that the education system is systematically based on the culture of the most dominant social class and thus values knowledge and ideology’s that middle class parents may enforce upon their kids and devalue the skill sets and values which a working class child might have. Bourdieu argues that the major role of education is cultural reproduction of the dominant classes which would mean that the things that a working class child brings to the education system would not be of as much value as that of a middle class child and thus they are indirectly discriminated against in terms of how teachers see their skills. This could result in students preforming poorer simply because home factors determine their social class and thus their educational attainment. We can see how home factors can radically change the educational attainment of a child when we look at Hymen’s theory that even when IQ is held constant throughout the class, the working class children will do worse than the middle class children. Hyman theorizes that this is down to the values and morals of the different classes and they would be dictated these classes by the home factors mentioned earlier so there is a strong argument that home factors drastically change the level of educational attainment that a child might get. When comparing one sphere of influence to another, for example out and in school factors to home factors we can see that they all influence students educational attainment based on class. When looking at in school factors Hallum theorized that the curriculum was written by middle class people for middle class people, this obviously leaves the working class people, who have different values and morals, at a disadvantage. When the curriculum favors a certain skill set both in terms of values, morals and general ideology’s the group which don’t have this set of skills are going to lag behind and not be valued as much, as an example this could result in a working class child who performs academically in a set which can only achieve a max grade of D at GCSE when the child is perfectly capable of attaining a B+ grade. In this example we would see the middle class child be kept in a higher set because of the values and morals in place and the lack of recognition of the strengths of the working class child. Another in school factor would be speech codes. Bernstein thought that different classes had different modes of speaking which were valued differently in a middle class school environment. Bernstein said that working class children were limited to restricted speech codes which were characterized by shorthand speech, grammatically simple structure, meaning often conveyed by gesture and slang. This is in stark comparison to middle class children who have command over both elaborate and restricted speech codes which gives me a massive advantage as they can use the restricted speech code when necessary but also use the elaborate in situations such as exams or writing practices which are looking for the elaborate speech code usage. To conclude we can see that home factors affect social class massively and thus affect educational attainment and success massively as well. Theory’s such as cultural deprivation, parental attitude and speech codes have critics but they have elements of truth which highlights how a middle class curriculum and often times middle class teachers favor middle class students and their moral and value systems they have in place, this can lead to working class children who have to deal with a home environment which isn’t as well suited to learning and education also having to cope with being given less opportunity’s despite a similar level of IQ which can result in a lower level of educational attainment.

Tech Effect Essay example -- Technology, The Internet

Tech Effect "The Internet is one of a series of aids developed over the last millennium or so that has increased the operational capacities of the average world citizen", (Stefanie Olsen, Sec. 2). With all the new technology so closely on hand, people are starting to wonder about the effects on society and the peoples true ability. The amount of technology in this new world has increased rapidly and is influencing our society by the way they think, the way they work, and by the way they interact socially. Over time new inventions come and go; however, the invention of technology is here to stay. Initially, the use of cell phones has inflated over time. "There are now estimated to be eight times as many mobile phones as fixed lines, three times as many mobile phones as personal computers, and nearly twice as many mobile phones as TV sets", (Niki Denison, Para 3). People are upgrading their technology from the old phones to the new mobile ones. These new phones now have some of the same qualities as personal computers have, such as Internet; therefore, who needs a big computer to access everything if a phone can do that? Phones also can show videos, episodes, and other information shown on TV. Additionally, some technology can imitate other technology. "About one in six (15%) of adults use the Internet, sometimes referred to as VoIP of Voice-Over-Internet-Protocol, to make telephone calls, ("Cell Phone Usage Continues in the USA," Para 3). This explains that people are using and relying on technology to interchange gadgets. Finally, technology is available for any age to use. " Surveys have revealed that teen ownership of cell phones has exploded, from less than half of U.S. teens in 2004 to 71 percent in 2008" ("Cell Phone Usa... ...and they should not fear that use of the Internet and mobile phones will send them ‘into a spiral of isolation," ("New study shows the Internet and mobile phones increase your social network," Para 15). Most people's lives are working out okay with technology, so why not jump on the band wagon? To conclude, people say society relies on technology to much, but it can't be a bad thing if it is bringing this world closer. The ways our society thinks, works, and interacts socially truly comes from our ability to use so much technology. Today's society is lucky enough to have technology at the tips of our fingers; however, what is technology doing to us and can we stop it or better it? â€Å"The Internet is one of a series of aids developed over the last millennium or so that has increased the operational capacities of the average world citizen†, (Stefanie Olsen, Sec. 2). Tech Effect Essay example -- Technology, The Internet Tech Effect "The Internet is one of a series of aids developed over the last millennium or so that has increased the operational capacities of the average world citizen", (Stefanie Olsen, Sec. 2). With all the new technology so closely on hand, people are starting to wonder about the effects on society and the peoples true ability. The amount of technology in this new world has increased rapidly and is influencing our society by the way they think, the way they work, and by the way they interact socially. Over time new inventions come and go; however, the invention of technology is here to stay. Initially, the use of cell phones has inflated over time. "There are now estimated to be eight times as many mobile phones as fixed lines, three times as many mobile phones as personal computers, and nearly twice as many mobile phones as TV sets", (Niki Denison, Para 3). People are upgrading their technology from the old phones to the new mobile ones. These new phones now have some of the same qualities as personal computers have, such as Internet; therefore, who needs a big computer to access everything if a phone can do that? Phones also can show videos, episodes, and other information shown on TV. Additionally, some technology can imitate other technology. "About one in six (15%) of adults use the Internet, sometimes referred to as VoIP of Voice-Over-Internet-Protocol, to make telephone calls, ("Cell Phone Usage Continues in the USA," Para 3). This explains that people are using and relying on technology to interchange gadgets. Finally, technology is available for any age to use. " Surveys have revealed that teen ownership of cell phones has exploded, from less than half of U.S. teens in 2004 to 71 percent in 2008" ("Cell Phone Usa... ...and they should not fear that use of the Internet and mobile phones will send them ‘into a spiral of isolation," ("New study shows the Internet and mobile phones increase your social network," Para 15). Most people's lives are working out okay with technology, so why not jump on the band wagon? To conclude, people say society relies on technology to much, but it can't be a bad thing if it is bringing this world closer. The ways our society thinks, works, and interacts socially truly comes from our ability to use so much technology. Today's society is lucky enough to have technology at the tips of our fingers; however, what is technology doing to us and can we stop it or better it? â€Å"The Internet is one of a series of aids developed over the last millennium or so that has increased the operational capacities of the average world citizen†, (Stefanie Olsen, Sec. 2).

Banks in the Philippines

————————————————- List of banks in the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The  Philippines  has a comprehensive banking system encompassing various types of banks, from large  universal banks  to small  rural banks  and even  non-banks. As at 31 March 2011, there are 19 universal banks, 19  commercial banks, 73  thrift banks, 595 rural banks, 40  credit unions  and 15 non-banks with quasi-banking functions, all licensed with the  Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas(Central Bank of the Philippines) under  Republic Act  No. 791, also known as the General Banking Act of 2000, share roughly the same powers. ————————————————- —————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Powers of a universal bank A universal bank has the same powers as a commercial bank with the following additional powers: the powers of an  investment house  as provided in existing laws and the power to invest in non-allied enterprises. List of local universal banks Government-owned * Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines * Development Bank of the Philippines Land Bank of the Philippines [edit]Private-owned 1. Banco de Oro Universal Bank 2. Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company 3. Bank of the Philippine Islands 4. Philippine National Bank 5. Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation 6. UnionBank of the Philippines 7. China Banking Corporation 8. Citibank 9. East West Bank 10. Philippine Savings Bank 11. Philtrust Bank  (Philippine Trust Company) 12. Security Bank 13. United Coconut Planters Bank 14. Allied Bank Corporation ———————————————â€⠀- [edit]Powers of a commercial bankIn addition to having the powers of a thrift bank, a commercial bank has the power to accept drafts and issue  letters of credit; discount and negotiate  promissory notes, drafts,  bills of exchange, and other evidences of  debt; accept or create demand deposits; receive other types of deposits and deposit substitutes; buy and sell foreign exchange and  gold  or  silver  bullion; acquire marketable  bonds  and other debt securities; and extend credit. [edit]List of local commercial banks * Asia United Bank * Bank of Commerce * BDO Private Bank  (subsidiary of Banco de Oro) * Philippine Bank of Communications Philippine Veterans Bank * Robinsons Bank Corporation [edit]List of foreign banks with commercial banking operations [edit]Branches * Australia and New Zealand Banking Group * Bangkok Bank * Bank of America, N. A. * Bank of China * Chinatrust Commercial Bank * Citibank, N. A. * Deutsche Bank AG * Hongkong and Shanghai Ba nking Corporation * ING Group * JPMorgan Chase * Korea Exchange Bank * Mega International Commercial Bank * Mizuho Corporate Bank * Standard Chartered Bank * The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. ————————————————- [edit]Thrift banks [edit]Powers of a thrift bankA thrift bank has the power to accept savings and time deposits, act as a correspondent with other financial institutions and as a collection agent for government entities, issue mortgages, engage in real estate transactions and extend credit. In addition, thrift banks may also maintain checking accounts, act as a depository for government entities and local government units and engage in quasi-banking and money market operations subject to the approval of the Bangko Sentral. As per the banker Amit Malhotra, the performance of thrift banks are underrated. [edit]List of local thrift banks [edit]Government-owned * Ph ilippine Postal Savings Bank edit]Privately owned * Accord Savings Bank * Allied Savings Bank  (subsidiary of Allied Bank) * Anchor Savings Bank * Area Development Bank * Asiatrust Development Bank * Bank of Calape * Bank of Cebu * BankOne Savings and Trust Corporation * Bankwise * Bataan Development Bank * Bataan Savings and Loan Bank * BPI Direct Savings Bank  (subsidiary of Bank of the Philippine Islands) * BPI Family Savings Bank  (subsidiary of Bank of the Philippine Islands) * Business and Consumers Bank * Century Savings Bank * Chinabank Savings  (formerly Manila Bank; subsidiary of Chinabank) * City Savings Bank * Citystate Savings Bank Cordillera Savings and Loan Bank * Dumaguete City Development Bank * Dungganon Bank * EIB Savings Bank  (subsidiary of Export and Industry Bank) * Equicom Savings Bank * Express Savings Bank * Farmers Savings and Loan Bank * First Consolidated Bank * GSIS Family Bank  (subsidiary of the  Government Service Insurance System) * Hi yas Bank * Iloilo City Development Bank * Inter-Asia Development Bank * ISLA Bank * Kauswagan Bank * Legazpi Savings Bank, Inc. * Lemery Savings and Loan Bank * Liberty Savings and Loan Association * Life Savings Bank * Luzon Development Bank * Malasiqui Progressive Savings and Loan Bank Malayan Bank * Metro Cebu Public Savings Bank * Micro Enterprise Bank * Microfinance Maximum Savings Bank, Inc. (MAXBANK) * Northpoint Development Bank * Opportunity Microfinance Bank * Optimum Development Bank * Pacific Ace Savings Bank * Palawan Development Bank * Pampanga Development Bank * Penafrancia Savings and Loan Association * Philam Savings Bank  (subsidiary of  Philam Life) * Philippine Business Bank * Philippine Savings Bank  (Metrobank Group) * Planters Development Bank * Premiere Development Bank  (to be acquired by Security Bank) * Progress Savings and Loan Association * Queen City Development Bank Quezon Coconut Producers Savings and Loan Bank * RCBC Savings Bank (subsidiary of Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation) * Robinsons Savings Bank  (subsidiary of  JG Summit Holdings) * Sampaguita Savings and Loan Association * San Pablo City Development Bank * Sandigan Savings Bank * Silangan Savings and Loan Bank * Sterling Bank of Asia * The Real Bank * Tower Development Bank * UCPB Savings Bank  (subsidiary of United Coconut Planters Bank) * University Savings and Loan Bank * Village Savings and Loan Association * Vizcaya Savings and Loan Association * Wealth Development Bank * Winbank * World Partners Bank edit]List of foreign banks with thrift banking operations * Citibank  (through Citibank Savings) * HSBC  (through HSBC Savings Bank) * United Overseas Bank ————————————————- [edit]Cooperative and rural banks Rural and cooperative banks are the more popular type of banks in the rural communities. Their role is to promote and expand the rural economy in an orderly and effective manner by providing the people in the rural communities with basic financial services. Rural and cooperative banks help farmers through the stages of production, from buying seedlings to marketing of their produce.Rural banks and cooperative banks are differentiated from each other by ownership. While rural banks are privately owned and managed, cooperative banks are organized/owned by cooperatives or federation of cooperatives. A rural bank has the power to provide adequate credit facilities to farmers and merchants or to cooperatives of such farmers and merchants and, in general, to the people of the rural communities of which the rural bank operates in. [edit]List of cooperative banks * Agusan del Norte Cooperative Bank * Bataan Cooperative Bank * Banco Cooperativa de Zamboanga * Camiguin Cooperative Bank * Capiz Settlers Cooperative Bank Cooperative Bank of Agusan del Sur * Cooperative Bank of Aklan * Cooperative Bank of Aurora * Coopera tive Bank of Benguet * Cooperative Bank of Bohol * Cooperative Bank of Bukidnon * Cooperative Bank of Bulacan * Cooperative Bank of Cagayan * Cooperative Bank of Camarines Norte * Cooperative Bank of Camarines Sur * Cooperative Bank of Cavite * Cooperative Bank of Cebu * Cooperative Bank of Davao del Sur * Cooperative Bank of Ilocos Norte * Cooperative Bank of Iloilo * Cooperative Bank of La Union * Cooperative Bank of Lanao del Norte * Cooperative Bank of Misamis Oriental * Cooperative Bank of Mountain Province Cooperative Bank of Negros Oriental * Cooperative Bank of Cotabato * Cooperative Bank of Nueva Ecija * Cooperative Bank of Palawan * Cooperative Bank of Pampanga * Cooperative Bank of Quezon Province * Cooperative Bank of Surigao del Sur * Cooperative Bank of Tarlac * Cooperative Bank of Zambales * Cooperative Bank of Zamboanga del Norte * Cooperative Bank of Zamboanga del Sur * Countryside Cooperative Bank of Batangas * First Isabela Cooperative Bank * Ilocos Sur Cooperativ e Bank * Leyte Cooperative Bank * Metro South Cooperative Bank * National Teachers and Employees Cooperative Bank * Occidental Mindoro Cooperative Bank Samahang Nayon Cooperative Bank of Nueva Vizcaya * Sorsogon Provincial Cooperative Bank * Southern Leyte Cooperative Bank [edit]List of rural banks [edit]Agusan del Norte * Green Bank [edit]Agusan del Sur * Peoples Bank of Caraga, Inc. [edit]Aklan * Rural Bank of Altavas * Rural Bank of Balete * Rural Bank of Banga (Aklan) * Rural Bank of Makato * Rural Bank of New Washington * Rural Bank of Malinao – Microsavers Bank [edit]Albay * Camalig Bank * Cagsawa Rural Bank * Ibalon Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Guinobatan [edit]Bataan * Balanga Rural Bank * Orani Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Abucay * Rural Bank of Bagac [edit]Batangas 5 Speed Rural Bank * Balayan Bay Rural Bank * Banco Batangan * Banco ng Masa * Bangko Kabayan * Batangas Rural Bank for Cooperatives * Bolbok Rural Bank * Calaca Rural Bank * Classic Rural Bank * Dynamic Bank * Empire Rural Bank * Excel Rural Bank * Farmers Rural Bank * First Coconut Rural Bank * Limcoma Rural Bank * Lipa Bank * Lipa Public Bank * Lobo Rural Bank * Malarayat Rural Bank * Mount Makiling Rural Bank * New Rural Bank of Agoncillo * President Jose P. Laurel Rural Bank * Progressive Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Alitagtag * Rural Bank of Padre Garcia * Sto Rosario Rural BAnk * Women's Rural Bank, Inc. [edit]Bohol First Consolidated Bank [edit]Biliran * Rural Bank of Naval, Inc. [edit]Benguet * Benguet Center Bank * Diamond Rural Bank * Highland Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Baguio [edit]Bukidnon * Malaybalay Rural Bank * Asian Hills Bank [edit]Bulacan * Agricom Rural Bank * Apex Rural Bank * Baliuag Rural Bank * Banco Rural de General Tinio * Bangko Luzon * Bangko Rural ng Kalumpit * Rural Bank of San Pascual inc. * Delmont Bank  (Rural bank of  San Jose del Monte City) * East Coast Rural Bank of Hagonoy * Emerald Rural Bank * Fil-Agro Rural Bank * Gateway Rural Bank * Meyacaua yan Second Rural Bank, Inc. * La Consolacion Rural Bank Rural Bank of Angat * Rural Bank of Dona Remedios Trinidad * Silahis Bank * Rural Bank of Bustos * Rural Bank of Pandi [edit]Cagayan * Providence Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Gattaran * Claveria Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Sanchez Mira [edit]Camarines Sur * Bangko Rural ng Magarao * Bangko Rural ng Pasacao * First Naga Rural Bank * G-7 Bank * Municipal Rural Bank of Libmanan * Municipal Rural Bank of Nabua * Penafrancia Rural Bank of Calabanga * Rural Bank of Sipocot * Rural Bank of Pamplona * Rural Bank of Minalabac * Rural Bank of San Fernando * Rural Bank of Cabusao * Rural Bank of San Jose * Rural Bank of Pili * Rural Bank of Milaor Rural Bank of Ragay * Rural Bank of Iriga [edit]Camiguin * Mambajao Community Rural Bank * Philippine Intercity Rural Bank [edit]Capiz * Farmer's Bank of Capiz * President Roxas Rural Bank, Inc. * Rural Bank of Mambusao, Inc. * Rural Bank of Panay, Inc. * Rural Bank of Dao, Inc. * Rural Bank of Pil ar, Inc. * Rural Bank of Pilar, Inc. , Roxas City Branch * Rural Bank of Ivisan, Inc. * Rural Bank of Cuartero, Inc. * Rural Bank of Jamindan, Inc. * Rural Bank of Sapian, Inc. [edit]Cavite * Advance Rural Bank * Bangko Mabuhay * Capitol City Rural Bank of Trece Martires * Cavite Rural Banking Corporation * Cebuana Lhuillier Rural Bank Central Equity Rural Bank * Community Bank * First Reliance Bank * GMA Rural Bank of Cavite * Imus Rural Bank * Masuerte Rural Bank of Bacoor * Rural Bank of Amadeo * Rural Bank of Magallanes * Rural Bank of Maragondon * Unlad Rural Bank of Noveleta, Inc. [edit]Cebu * Frontier Rural Bank * Aspac Rural Bank * Banco Maximo * Banco of East Asia * Banco Rural de Isla Cordova * Cardinal Rural Bank * Coastal Bank * Community Rural Bank of Catmon * Community Rural Bank of Medellin * First Agro Industrial Rural Bank * Frontier Rural Bank * Lapu Lapu Rural Bank * Mactan Rural Bank * Philippine Countryside Rural Bank * Pilipino Rural Bank Plaza Rural Bank * Upl and Rural Bank [edit]Compostela Valley * Rural Bank, Inc. * Money Mall Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Montevista(Davao), Inc * Rural Bank of Compostela(Davao), Inc * Rural Bank of Mawab [edit]Davao del Norte * First Tagum Rural Bank, Inc. * Century Rural Bank [edit]Davao del Sur * First Tagum Rural Bank, Inc. * Community Rural Bank of Magsaysay * One Network Bank * Rural Bank of Digos, Inc. [edit]Davao Oriental * First Tagum Rural Bank, Inc. * Rural Bank of Baganga [edit]Ifugao * Lagawe Highlands Rural Bank [edit]Ilocos Norte * Banco Dingras * Ilocandia Community Bank * Cooperative Bank of Ilocos Norte San Nicolas Cooperative Bank of Ilocos Norte-Laoag City * Cooperative Bank of Ilocos Norte-Batac City [edit]Ilocos Sur * Cordillera Bank * Vigan Banco Rural Incorporada * Rural Bank of Tagudin, Inc * Rural Bank of Cabugao, Inc. * Rural Bank of Sta. Maria, Inc * Sadiri Rural Bank, Inc. * Rural Bank of Magsingal, Inc. * Ilocos Sur Cooperative Bank [edit]Iloilo * Rural Bank of Guimbal (Iloil o) * Racso's Bank * Bangko Buena Consolidated * Rural Bank of Santa Barbara (Iloilo) * Community Rural Bank of San Joaquin * Farmers Trader Rural Bank * First Midland Rural Bank * Janiuay Rural Bank * LifeBank * Progressive Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Alimodian Rural Bank of Anilao * Rural Bank of Badiangan * Rural Bank of Leganes * Rural Bank of Oton [edit]Isabela * Banco Agricola * Golden Rural Bank of the Philippines * Mallig Plains Rural Bank * Philippine Rural Banking Corporation * Rural Bank of Alicia * Rural Bank of Angadanan * Rural Bank of Benito Soliven * Providence Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Magsaysay, Isa. Inc. * Rural Bank of Cauayan, Inc. [edit]Laguna * Rural Bank of Bay,Inc. * Binan Rural Bank * Card Rural Bank * De La O Rural Bank * Entrepreneur Rural Bank * First United Farmers Bank * Key Rural Bank * Ormon Bank * PlanBank Rural Bank of Canlubang Planters Provident Rural Bank of Santa Cruz * Rural Bank of Alaminos * Laguna Prestige Banking Corporation * Rural Bank of Lumban * Rural Bank of Mabitac, Inc. * Rural Bank of Nagcarlan * Rural Bank of Paete * Rural Bank of Pagsanjan * Rural Bank of Calauan * Rural Bank of Calamba * Malarayat Bank * Rural Bank Of Magdalena (Laguna) * CARD Bank [edit]Lanao del Sur * Bagong Bangko Rural ng Malabang * Maranao Rural Bank [edit]Leyte * First Interstate Bank * Rural Bank of Dulag * Rural Bank of Hindang * Rural Bank of Hilongos * Rural Bank of Bato * Rural Bank of Burauen * Rural Bank of Ormoc * Rural Bank of Naval, Carigara Branch edit]Southern Leyte * Rural Bank of Maasin * Rural Bank of Malitbog * Rural Bank of Padre Burgos * Rural Bank of Hinundayan * Rural Bank of San Juan [edit]Maguindanao * New Settlers Bank [edit]Metro Manila * AMA Bank * Baclaran Rural Bank * Banco de Jesus Rural Bank * Banco San Juan * Bangko Pasig * BMS Rural Bank * Builders Rural Bank * Country Rural Bank of Taguig * Enterprise Capital Rural Bank * Filipino Savers Bank * Finman Rural Bank * First Country Rural Bank * First Macro Bank * Insular Rural Bank * MVSM Bank (A Rural Bank Since 1953) * Rodriguez Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Alabang * Bank of Makati * Tambunting Bank edit]Misamis Occidental * Community Rural Bank of Clarin * First Community Cooperative Bank of Misamis Occidental * Panguil Bay Rural Bank of Ozamiz * Rural Bank of Bonifacio * Rural Bank of Tudela * Bank of Misamis. The merging of Rural Bank of Tudela, Mis. Occ. and Rural Bank of Kolambogan, Lanao del Nort * Rural Bank of Plaridel [edit]Misamis Oriental * Bangko Rural ng Tagoloan * Community Rural Bank of Naawan * Philippine Farmers Bank * Rural Bank of Talisayan * first Valley Bank [edit]Mountain Province * Rural Bank of Sagada [edit]Negros Occidental * Rural Bank of Marayo * Community Rural Bank of Magallon First Community Bank * First State Rural Bank * Nation Bank * New Rural Bank of Binalbagan, Inc. * New Rural Bank of Victorias * Rural Bank of Bacolod City [edit]Negros Oriental * Central Visayas Rural Bank * Dumaguete Rural Bank * R ural Bank of Amlan * Rural Bank of Ayungon * Rural Bank of Bacong * Rural Bank of Guihulngan * Rural Bank of Valencia * Rural Bank of Manjuyod * Rural Bank of Larena * Rural Bank of Basay * Rural Bank of Pamplona * Rural Bank of Santa Catalina * SG Bank [edit]Nueva Ecija * Aliaga Farmers Rural Bank * Banco Rural de General Tinio * Bangko Luzon Inc. * Cabanatuan City Rural Bank * Citizen's Rural Bank Cooperative Bank of Nueva Ecija * Cuyapo Rural Bank * FARM Bank * GM Bank Inc. * Kabalikat Rural Bank * Masagana Rural Bank * Merchant Rural Bank of Talavera * Millennium Bank * New Rural Bank of Guimba * New Rural Bank of San Leonardo * Producers Rural Bank of San Jose City * Rural Bank of Laur * Rural Bank of Lupao * Rural Bank of Quezon * Rural Bank of Makati * Rural Bank of Sto. Domingo * Small & Medium Enterprise Bank * Towncall Rural Bank * Westmont Bank [edit]Nueva Vizcaya * Agri Business Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Aritao * Rural Bank of Solano * Cooperative Bank of Nueva Vizcaya [edit]Oriental Mindoro Oriental Tamaraw Rural Bank of Naujan * Rural Bank of Baco * Rural Bank of Gloria * Rural Bank of Bansud * Rural Bank of Pinamalayan * Rural Bank of Pola * Rural Bank of Naujan * Rural Bank of Victoria * Rural Bank of Socorro * Rural Bank of Bongabong [edit]Pampanga * Rural Bank of Porac * Banco Nuestra Senora del Pilar * Bank of Florida * Bangko San Lus (2nd Rural Bank of San Luis) * Crown Bank * Delta Civic Bank * Guagua Rural Bank * Guagua Savers Bank * Rural Bank of Angeles * Rural Bank of Apalit * Rural Bank of San Luis * Unity Bank [edit]Pangasinan * Banco Rural de San Antonio * Bangko Pangasinan * Bani Rural Bank BHF Rural Bank * Corfarm Rural Bank of Umingan * CSF Rural Bank of Bayambang * Gulf Bank * Kaluyagan Rural Bank * Kaunlaran Rural Bank * Pangasinan Bank * People's Rural Bank of Binmaley * Rural Bank of Agno * Rural Bank of Alaminos * Rural Bank of Anda * Rural Bank of Dasol * Rural Bank of Bautista * Rural Bank of Mangaldan [edit]Quezon * St. Jude Cooperative Bank * Quezon Capital Rural Bank * Grand-Agri Rural Bank * Mega Rural Bank * Polillo Island Rural Bank * Quezon Capital Rural Bank * Quezon Traders Rural Bank of Candelaria * Rural Bank of Alabat * Rural Bank of Atimonan * Rural Bank of Candelaria * Rural Bank of Dolores Rural Bank of Lucban * Rural Bank of Mauban * Rural Bank of Sariaya * Rural Bank of Tagkawayan * Tiaong Rural Bank [edit]Rizal * Binangonan Rural Bank * Eastern Rizal Rural Bank * Filidian Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Cardona * Growers Rural Bank * Tanay Rural Bank * Rizal Rural Bank (Taytay), Inc. * Rural Bank of Angono * Rural Bank of Antipolo * Rural Bank of Cainta * Rural Bank of Montalban * Rural Bank of Pililla [edit]Romblon * Community Rural Bank of Romblon [edit]Sarangani * Rural Bank of DAR Beneficiaries Cooperative * Rural Bank of Alabel * Sarangani Rural Bank, Inc. [edit]South Cotabato * Peninsula Rural Bank People's Rural Bank * Partner Rural Bank, Surallah, So. Cot. * Rural Bank of Norala (Norala, So. Cot. ), Inc. [edit]Southern Leyte * Community Rural Bank of Maasin [edit]Sultan Kudarat * Partner Rural Bank, Tacurong City [edit]Surigao del Sur * Bangko Carrascal * Enterprise Bank  www. ebi. ph]] * Cantilan Bank, Inc. [edit]Surigao del Norte * Surigaonon Rural Banking Corporation * Evergreen Rural Bank,Inc. * Siargao Bank * Rural Bank of Placer [edit]Tarlac * Bangko Santo Nino * Camiling Rural Bank * First Provincial Bank * Rural Bank of Tarlac * Rural Bank of Victoria * Rural Bank of Pura * Rural Bank of La Paz * St. Michael Rural Bank edit]Zambales * Community Rural Bank of San Felipe * Countryside Rural Bank of Palauig * Maharlika Rural Bank * Rural Bank of Cabangan * Zambank * Unity Bank * Rural Bank of Candelaria Zambales, Inc. * Rural Bank of San Narcisco, Inc. * Rural Bank of San Marcelino, Inc. [edit]Zamboanga del Norte * Rural Bank of Labason * Community Rural Bank of Dapitan City * Rural Bank of Roxas * Katipunan Rural Bank * Rizal Rural Bank * Rural Ban k of Dipolog City * Rural Bank of Siocon * Rural Bank of Liloy [edit]Zamboanga del Sur * Rural Bank of Pagadian City * Rural Bank of Salug Valley [edit]Zamboanga Sibugay * Rural Bank of Kabasalan Inc. edit]Zamboanga City * Rural Bank of Siocon Inc. * Rural Bank of Zamboanga * Banco Cooperativa de Zamboanga ————————————————- [edit]Defunct or merged banks * Citytrust  Savings Bank (acquired by Bank of the Philippine Islands) * Acme Savings Bank(Acquired by the Sy Group of Companies and Renamed  Banco De Oro) * Far East Bank and Trust Company  (acquired by Bank of the Philippine Islands) * People's Bank and Trust Company(acquired by Bank of the Philippine Islands) * SolidBank Corporation (acquired by Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co) * G7 Bank * Insular Savings Bank  (acquired by Citibank) International Exchange Bank  (acquired by Union Bank of the Philippines) * Insu lar Bank of Asia and America (Merged with  Philippine Commercial International Bank) * Monte de Piedad Savings Bank  (acquired by Keppel Bank) * Mindanao Development Bank(Merged with  Equitable Banking Corporation) * Ecology Bank(Merged with  Equitable Banking Corporation) * Keppel Bank  (acquired by  GE Capital Finance) * Philippine Commercial International Bank  (merged with Equitable Bank forming  Equitable PCI Bank  and now merged with  Banco De Oro) * PCIBank Savings (bought by the HSBC Group and renamed HSBC Savings Bank. * DBS Bank Philippines Ltd. (acquired by BPI) * Equitable Banking Corporation  (merged with PCI Bank forming  Equitable PCI Bank  and now merged with  Banco De Oro) * Prudential Bank  (acquired by Bank of the Philippine Islands) * Urban Bank  (forced to close then merged with Export and Industry Bank) * Equitable PCI Bank  (merged with Banco de Oro) * Export and Industry Bank * American Express Bank  (Renamed BDO Elite Savi ngs Bank) * Equitable Savings Bank  (merged with BDO) * Banco Santander Central Hispano (Philippine subsidiary acquired by  Banco De Oro  and renamed BDO Private Bank) * Dao Heng Bank  (acquired by Banco e Oro) * 1st E Bank  (Philippine Branches acquired by Banco de Oro) * United Overseas Bank  (66 out of 67 Branches merged with  Banco De Oro * BDO Elite Savings Bank (merged with BDO along with Equitable Savings, Equitable PCI and PCI Capital Corp) * GE Money Bank  (acquired by Banco de Oro) * Green Bank of Caraga(Acquired by East West Bank) * LBC Development Bank * Traders Royal Bank (Acquired by Bank of Commerce) * Capitol Bank (acquired by RCBC, now named as RCBC Savings Bank) * Asianbank (acquired by Metrobank)

Advertising in Schools: in Public Education System Essay

Throughout the United States, the faltering economy has drastically affected the employment and income of its citizens, consequently resulting in the deterioration of public education system. In our San Diego Unified district alone, it is estimated that the budget deficit will reach $80 million (â€Å"VoiceofSanDiego†). The lack of funding towards public schools could possibly hinder the attendants’ ability to learn and advertising from corporate sponsorships could provide the necessary revenue to close the schools budget gaps. According to the National Education Association it is estimated that 100,000 schoolteachers nationwide lost their jobs preceding the start of the school year, to protect the employment of our districts schoolteachers drastic modifications must be implemented. Plausible solutions are to mirror the example of Minnesota’s St. Francis School District who under economic hardships gained $230,000 from the selling of ad space thus protecting the jobs of their employees. See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay However, critics argued the advertisements might impede a child’s learning, this problem can be solved with ease by promoting brand names in our yearbooks or scoreboards that have little affect on the education of the students and would still bring substantial profit to our school. The selling of ad space in school buses can also offset the daunting costs of educational equipment and vital school programs. Our schools transportation system has recently made cut-backs due to lack of funds, however by displaying local sponsors, the profits can be incorporated back to the schools budget. Being that the target audience is passing spectators, the ads have no negative affect on the students and â€Å"School districts say it’s practically free money and advertisers love the captive audience school buses provide,† quoted ABC News. Averaging a rate of $230 per month, one meager school bus advertisement stands to make $2,300 in the school year where a majority of the reven ue goes directly to the school district. Sponsored advertising could benefit the financial shortcomings of our schools on all aspects; yet, criticizers continue to repudiate the progress because the advertisements easily captivate a highly susceptible audience. This detrimental factor can be used to the advantage of faculty and parents with constructive advertising. Endorsements that promote a healthy lifestyle and diet rather than sugary sweets can aid in the development of our minors. Similarly, ads such as publishing associations could pay to endorse books and other didactic apparatuses in libraries or classrooms that would encourage learning for schoolchildren. For these reason corporate advertising can be accepted into our schools without the apprehension of children being negatively influenced. These economic problems pertain especially to our district and plausible solutions should be exercised. Scripps Ranch High School can adopt these techniques to ease the budget deficit; envision our school advocating a sponsor s uch as KPBS in our library or even our sports teams exhibiting sponsored attire of Puma for the sale of ad space. Our school does not have to brave this recession with only cut backs it is time to raise our commission for a change, for the sole benefit of our school. Nationwide, the current economic downturn has forced schools to employ budget cuts and teacher terminations. Advertising in our schools could become an efficient means of alleviating the budget deficit and the extra revenue would go towards preserving the jobs teachers and other school programs. This source of unrestricted revenue is difficult to deny and our school can hardly afford to surrender more extracurricular activities. To protect the sanctity of Scripps Ranch High’s superb educational system additional income must be utilized and with minimal effects, corporate advertising is an unparalleled example of a money generator.

Shoemaker and the Revolution essays

Shoemaker and the Revolution essays Alfred F. Young shows us a glimpse of the American Revolution through the eyes of George Robert Twelves Hewes, a poor shoemaker of the Humble Class. What do we know about Hewes? Why is it that he is honored when the rest of his associates have been forgotten? What compelled Hewes to explore the chaotic world of Politics? And why is he remembered as a hero? Hewes played a vital role throughout the Revolution. We read three major events in which he participated, in Youngs The Shoemaker and The Tea Party. The three major events shaped the Revolution, and have influenced Americans for hundreds of years. He was a nobody who briefly became a somebody in the Revolution and, for a moment the end of his life, a hero. To understand Hewes ambition and determination one must start from his youth. Hewes was born in Boston in 1742, and was the sixth of nine children. He was unusually short, five feet, one inch. Hewes received very little fortune from his family. His father (a soap boiler), died when he was seven, leaving his family poor and in debt. His mother was a very strict woman, showing almost no love or affection, and often whipping him for his disobedience. Because of such lower standings Hewes was put to shoemaking. Shoemaking was never an occupation of his choice. The only way to escape the Apprentice world was to become like so many other men, a Soldier. The Military to Hewes was his door to opportunity. However, the small misfortune of height stood in the way, He was rejected for his size. I could not pass muster, Hewes told Hawkes, because I was not tall enough. Although small height, his determination was huge. We see this determination when he tries to enlist for a se cond time, heightening his heels and stuffing his stockings with paper and rags. Once again, rejected when the Captain saw through his trick. He then returned to the apprentice world aga...

Reference

Reference When you sit down to write an academic paper or business report, how often do you feel totally confident at the outset? Do you pass your paper to friends over and over again, hoping that their edits will catch all of your stylistic mistakes? How often do these methods prove foolproof? Learning to Write Every good writer learns the elements of style. There are so many fine points of grammar and usage that no single writer can know each one, all the time. In fact, the English language is continually evolving, creating the need for further and revised guidelines. The Need for Reference Thats why most writers have a reference book, that they can use whenever they need guidance. From the basic formats for different publications to the specifics of citations, writing reference guides have helped writers hone their craft for years. With modern guides taking technology and a changing world into account, you can be sure to have the most correct format for the present time. Some of the most popular reference guides include the APA Style Guide and the Chicago Manual of Style. These are tried and true resources for the modern writer, and have been relied upon countless times. Once you begin to discover all of the instruction available to you in these guides, you will want to keep them nearby as you write, for ultimate reference.

Benefits of free music download in iTunes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benefits of free music download in iTunes - Essay Example This suggestion to have free music download in iTunes has received many critics from several quotas because it is argued as a violation of copyrights laws of the reproduction (Jost, 6). However, iTunes should acknowledge that free music download has more advantages than the disadvantages thus people should be allowed to download music freely on their website (Small, 41-68). The need for free music download has facilitated over one-hundred artists and hundreds of thousands of songs to be made available free download on the internet (Raw Downloads 1). iTunes has been left behind due to the charges it levies of the songs. Some of the reason music should be downloaded freely includes the benefits from great promotion.  When iTunes accepts the need for free download of music on their website, it would provide a better technique of marketing. This should be the chief reason iTunes should offer free music downloads on their website. Through making free music downloads, the music get playe d by people’s listening cars, devices, radios, major events, clubs, the online websites on the iTunes.  When a mass of people are truly attracted to an artist’s music, they will share the music freely through software like Bluetooth. Moreover, this would promote the artist brand name and music thus would get a lot of corporate endorsement (Jost 22).

Discussion 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion 3 - Assignment Example There is an emphasis for interdisciplinary collaboration in healthcare provision and clarity of how concepts relate to nursing help DNP nurses to interact, meaningfully, in teams (Fitzpatrick & Kazer, 2009). Preventive care is a concept under the clinical problem of hypertension among African Americans. Base on population differences, preventive care denotes the measures that different populations such as African Americans and Hispanics do in order to stay free from diseases. In regards to cultural differences, preventive care means the things that different cultures prescribe for their adherents to prevent illnesses. In sociology, preventive care refers to upholding lifestyles that promote health such as eating a healthy diet and consulting with physicians (Wilson & Cooley, 2006). The social context definition of preventive care is the maintenance of behaviors that are supportive of good health. OT professional may define preventive care as the measures that help one prevent getting difficulty engaging in their everyday activities. On the other hand, a nurse may define preventive care as the care that incorporates public health services and other programs aimed at promoting good health in the general population (Neinstein,

Communication management introduction Assignment - 1

Communication management introduction - Assignment Example Communication management is very diverse; it is also concerned with the process of developing corporate communication strategies, designing internal and external communications directives and strategies as well as managing the flow of information where online communication processes are also involved brand (May &Mumby2005). Development in information and communication technologies brings about the need for constant innovation on the part of communications managers in order to remain relevant in business practice (Pauley & Joseph 2009). Learners, who are organizational managers in this case, will be required to observe the following important rules in order to enjoy the program; first, it will be important that they make a good first impression in class. Research has always brought the important of a first impression in various instances, in this program; a good first impression to the professor especially on the first day will portray a serious and pleasant student, something that is likely to earn you the benefit of doubt as much as grades are concerned. Class attendance has to be done regularly and on time, this is an important rule in other areas of life. Students need to know that it is pretty hard for professors to notice you negatively wandering in class after the lecture has begun. This rule seems obvious that it ought not to be said, however, in every class, there will always be an absentee or one student who occasionally comes late. One should try to find a comfortable place to sit particularly at the front or center of the classroom; this is the best place where one is not distracted. In addition, sitting at this place makes one to follow easily the lecture proceedings and make notes. Students who like sitting at the back of the class are often assumed to be either lazy or shy, especially those who prefer positions in the corner of the room. Managers are expected to be alert all the

The Precast Concrete Piles Engineering Essay

The Precast Concrete Piles Engineering Essay 2.1 introduction 2.1.1 Introduction of pile Piles are the very common elements in a foundation. Pile foundation have the function that transfer loads from superstructure through through water or through the weak compressible strata, onto rock, less compressible soils or onto stiffer. This type of foundation need to carry uplift loads when it is used to support tall structures. Not only that, it is also to overturning the forces from winds or waves. Thus, piles used in marine structures are also the subjected to lateral loads from the waves and impact of berthing ships. The combinations of horizontal and vertical loads are to carry where the piles are used to support, bridge piers and abutments, retaining walls and machinery foundations. In the late of nineteenth years, reinforced concrete was developed as a structural medium. This is the replacement of timber for high-capacity piling of works into soil on land. This can be precast in structural forms and also suitable for ground conditions and the imposed loading. The durability of pile was satisfactory for immersion conditions and most of the soil. Replacement of the driven of precast concrete of cast in-situ piles had due to most of the development of highly efficient machines. This is for drilling pile boreholes of rock conditions, great depth in wide range of soil and the large diameter of pile than to other deficiency in performance of the precast concrete element. Steel is used to increase when extension for pile due to ability to withstand hard driving, handling, to its ease of fabrication. The corrosion problem in marine structures have had solved by the introduction of cathode protection and durable coatings.(Michael Tomlinson, 2008) 2.1.2 Type of pile 2.1.2.3 displacement piles Precast concrete pile Precast concrete piles have their principal use in marine and river structures, i.e. in situations where the use of driven and cast-in-place piles is impracticable or uneconomical. For land structures unjoint precast concrete piles are frequently more costly than driven and casting- place types for two main reasons: 1. Reinforcement must be provided in the precast concrete pile to withstand the bending and tensile stresses which occur during handling and driving. Once the pile is in the ground, and if mainly compressive loads are carried, the majority of this steel is redundant. 2. The precast concrete pile is not readily cut down or extended to suit variations in the level of the bearing stratum to which the piles are driven. However, there are many situations for land structures where the precast concrete pile can be more economical. Where large numbers of piles are to be installed in easy driving conditions the savings in cost due to the rapidity of driving achieved may outweigh the cost of the heavier reinforcing steel necessary. Reinforcement may be needed in any case to resist bending stresses due to lateral loads or tensile stresses from uplift loads. Where high-capacity piles are to be driven to a hard stratum, savings in the overall quantity of concrete compared with cast-in-place piles can be achieved since higher working stresses can be used. Where piles are to be driven in sulphate-bearing ground or into aggressive industrial waste materials, the provision of sound high-quality dense concrete is ensured. The problem of varying the length of the pile can be overcome by adopting a jointed type. From the above remarks it can be seen that there is still quite a wide range of employment for the precast concrete pile, particularly for projects where the costs of establishing a precasting yard can be spread over a large number of piles. The piles can be designed and manufactured in ordinary reinforced concrete, or in the form of pre-tensioned or post-tensioned prestressed concrete members. The ordinary reinforced concrete pile is likely to be preferred for a project requiring a fairly small number of piles, where the cost of establishing a production line for prestressing work on site is not justifiable and where the site is too far from an established factory to allow the economical transportation of prestressed units from the factory to the site. Precast concrete piles in ordinary reinforced concrete are usually square or hexagonal and of solid cross-section for units of short or moderate length, but for saving weight long piles are usually manufactured with a hollow interior in hexagonal, octagonal, or circular sections. The interiors of the piles can be filled with concrete after driving. This is necessary to avoid bursting where piles are exposed to severe frost action. Alternatively, drainage holes can be provided to prevent water from accumulating in the hollow interior. To avoid excessive flexibility while handling and driving the usual maximum lengths of square section piles, and the range of working loads applicable to each size are shown in table 2.1 . Where piles are designed to carry the applied loads mainly in end-bearing, for example, piles driven through soft clays into medium-dense or dense sands, economies in concrete and reductions in weight for handling can be achieved by providing the piles with an enlarged toe. This is practised widely in the Netherlands where the standard enlargements are 1.5 to 2.5 times the shaft width with a length equal to or greater than the width of the enlargement. Table 2.1 Working loads and maximum lengths for ordinary precast concrete piles of square section Jointed precast concrete piles The disadvantages of having to adjust the lengths of precast concrete piles either by cutting off the surplus or casting on additional lengths to accommodate variations in the depth to a hard bearing stratum will be evident. These drawbacks can be overcome by employing jointed piles in which the adjustments in length can be made by adding or taking away short lengths of pile which are jointed to each other by devices capable of developing the same bending and tensile resistance as the main body of the pile. BS EN 12794 defines pile joints in four classes, Class A to Class D, depending on whether the pile is used in compression, tension, or bending and the impact load test to be applied to verify the static design calculations. If the pile joint satisfies the impact and bending tests then the ultimate capacity of the joint is identical to the calculated static bearing capacity. Annex ZA to this standard deals with the CE marking of foundation pile units and the presumption of fitness for the intended use. The Hercules pile, originally developed in Sweden, is available in the UK from Stent Foundations Ltd in two square sizes with standard lengths of 6.1, 9.2, and 12.2 m, and properties as shown in Table 2.6. C45/55 concrete is normally used. The precast concrete units are locked together by a steel bayonet-type joint to obtain the required bending and tensile resistance and a rock shoe incorporating an Oslo point seating pile into hard rock. A length is chosen for the initial driving which is judged to be suitable for the shallowest predicted penetration in a given area. Additional lengths are locked on if deeper penetrations are necessary, or if very deep penetrations requiring multiples of the standard lengths are necessary. Other types of jointed precast concrete piles include the Centrum pile manufactured and installed by Aarslef Piling in the UK using C40/50 concrete and rigid welded reinforcement cages in varying lengths from 4 to 18 m in square sections from 200 to 600 mm. Lengths greater than 4 m for the 200 and 250 mm sections can be jointed using a single locking pin driven horizontally into locking rings in the joint box (four locking pins for the larger sections), which are designed to provide a degree of pre-tensioning to the typical locking pin joint. Depending on the length, section, and joint used and the ground conditions, working loads up to 1200 kN in compression and 180 kN in tension are possible. RB precast square concrete piles made and installed by Roger Bullivant Ltd are available in four sizes with working load capabilities (depending on ground conditions) from 200 kN for the nominal 150 mm square section to 1200 kN for the 355 mm square pile, in lengths of 1.5, 3, and 4 m. The standard joint for the limited tensile and bending capability is a simple spigot and socket type bonded with epoxy resin with each pile length bedded on a sand/cement mortar. Special joints and pile reinforcement can be provided as needed to resist bending moments and tension forces. Precast concrete piles which consist of units joined together by simple steel end plates with welded butt joints are not always suitable for hard driving conditions, or for driving on to a sloping hard rock surface. Welds made in exposed site conditions with the units held in the leaders of a piling frame may not always be sound. If the welds break due to tension waves set up during driving or to bending caused by any deviation from alignment, the pile may break up into separate units with a complete loss of bearing capacity. This type of damage can occur with keyed or locked joints when the piles are driven heavily, for example, to break through thin layers of dense gravel. The design of the joint is, in fact, a critical factor in the successful employment of these piles, and tests to check bending, tension, and compression capabilities should be carried out for particular applications. However, even joints made from steel castings require accurate contact surfaces to ensure that st ress concentrations are not transferred to the concrete. The Presscore pile developed and installed by Abbey Pynford plc is a jointed precast concrete pile consisting of short units which are jacked into the soil. The concrete in the pile units and precast pile cap is 60 N/mm2 and a reinforcing bar can be placed through the centre of the units of Presscore pile. On reaching the required bearing depth the annulus around the pile is grouted through ports in the units. The use of jacked-in piles for underpinning work is described in Chapter 9. A high strength cylindrical precast pile, 155 mm diameter and 1m long, was developed in Canada for underpinning a 90-year-old building in Regina. The segments were cast using steel fibre reinforced concrete with a 28-day compressive strength of 90 N/mm2 and steel fibre content of 40 kg/m3. Each segment was reinforced with four steel wires (9 mm) welded to a steel wire circumferential coil. Recesses were provided at each end of the segment and stainless steel rods connected each segment to form the joint. Hydraulic jacks with a capacity of 680 kN reacted against a new pile cap and as each segment was jacked down the next segment was screwed and tensioned onto the connecting rod. The required 600 kN pile capacity was achieved at depths ranging from 11 to 13 m. Table 2.2Dimensions and properties of square section Hercules piles as manufactured Driven and cast-in-place displacement piles In the Cementation Foundations Skanska version of the withdrawal tube pile, the heavy wall section tube has its lower end closed by an expendable steel plate or shoe and is driven from the top by a five-tone hydraulic hammer. On reaching the required to level, as predetermined by calculation or as determined by measurements of driving resistance, the hammer is lifted off and a reinforcing cage is lowered down the full length of the tube. A highly workable self-compacting concrete is then placed in the tube through a hopper, followed by raising the tube by a hoist rope operated from the pile frame. The tube may be filled completely with concrete before it is lifted or it may be lifted in stages depending on the risks of the concrete jamming in the tube. The length of the pile is limited by the ability of the rig to pull out the drive tube. This restricts the length to about 20 to 30 m. Pile diameters range from 285 to 525 mm with working loads up to 1500 kN. In a further variation of the Franki technique, the gravel plug (or dry concrete plug) can be hammered out at several intermediate stages of driving to form a shell of compact material around the pile shaft. This technique is used in very soft clays which are liable to squeeze inwards when withdrawing the tube. Composite Franki piles are formed by inserting a precast concrete pile or steel tube into the driving tube and anchoring it to the base concrete plug by light hammer blows. The drive tube is then withdrawn. A full-length reinforcing cage is always advisable in the driven and cast-in-place pile. It acts as a useful tell-tale against possible breaks in the integrity of the pile shaft caused by arching and lifting of the concrete as the tube is withdrawn. BS EN 12699 requires minimum reinforcement of 0.5% of the pile cross-section or four 12 mm diameter bars over the top 4 m of all such piles; with minimum cover of 50 mm where the casing is withdrawn, 75 mm where reinforcement is installed after concreting (or where subject to ground contaminants), and 40 mm where there is permanent lining. The problem of inward squeezing of soft clays and peats or of bulging of the shafts of piles from the pressure of fluid concrete in these soils is common to cast-in-place piles both of the driven and bored types. A method of overcoming this problem is to use a permanent light gauge steel lining tube to the pile shaft. However, great care is needed in withdrawing the drive tube to prevent the permanent liner being lifted with the tube. Even a small amount of lifting can cause transverse cracks in the pile shaft of sufficient width to result in excessive settlement of the pile head under the working load. The problem is particularly difficult in long piles when the flexible lining tube tends to snake and jam in the drive tube. Also where piles are driven in large groups, ground heave can lift the lining tubes off their seating on the unlined portion of the shaft. Snaking and jamming of the permanent liner can be avoided by using spacers such as rings of sponge rubber. In most cases the annulus left outside the permanent liner after pulling the drive tube will not close up. Hence, there will be no frictional resistance available on the lined portion. This can be advantageous because drag down forces in the zone of highly compressible soils and fill materials will be greatly reduced. However, the ability of the pile shaft to carry the working load as a column without lateral support below the pile cap should be checked. Allowable stresses on the shafts of these piles are influenced by the need to use easily workable self-compacting mixes with a slump in the range of 130 to 180 mm and to make allowances for possible imperfections in the concrete placed in unseen conditions. BS EN 12699 for driven displacement piles requires the rules on the concreting of bored piles using self-compacting concrete as recommended in BS EN 1536 to apply to all cast-in-place displacement piles unless otherwise specified. BS 8004 limits the working stress to 25% of the 28-day cube strengths, but BS EN 12699 specifies concrete strength classes of C20/25 to C30/37 which are 25% stronger than the cube strengths usually adopted in the UK under BS 8004, that is, a range of 20-30 N/mm2. EC2-1-1 Clause 3 refers to characteristic cylinder strengths for the determination of design compressive strengths, and if the 25% limit is applied the allowable stresses range from 5 to 7.5 N/mm2 (i.e. similar to the BS 8004 limits, but for the stronger mixes). For these values, allowable loads for piles of various shaft diameters are as shown in the following table: The higher ranges in the above table should be adopted with caution, particularly in difficult ground conditions. Maximum working loads are as shown in the following table: The spacing of bars in the reinforcing cage should give ample space for the flow of concrete through them. Bars of 5 mm diameter in the form of a spiral or flat steel hoops used for lateral reinforcement should not be spaced at centres closer than 100 mm (80 mm when using 20 mm aggregate). Replacement piles Bored and cast-in-place piles In stable ground an unlined hole can be drilled by hand or mechanical auger. If reinforcement is required, a light cage is then placed in the hole, followed by the concrete. In loose or water-bearing soils and in broken rocks casing is needed to support the sides of the borehole, this casing being withdrawn during or after placing the concrete. In stiff to hard clays and in weak rocks an enlarged base can be formed to increase the end-bearing resistance of the piles. The enlargement is formed by a rotating expanding tool. Hand excavation is now uneconomic because of stringent statutory health and safety regulations, even in piles with a large shaft diameter. A sufficient cover of stable fine-grained soil must be left over the top of the enlargement in order to avoid a run of loose or weak soil into the unlined cavity. Bored piles drilled by hand auger are limited in diameter to about 355 mm and in depth to about 5 m. They can be used for light buildings such as dwelling houses, but even for these light structures hand methods are used only in situations where mechanical augers. The versatile, light cable percussion tripod rigs can bore piles up to 600 mm diameter 10 m deep with working loads up to 1200 kN in suitable ground conditions. Temporary casing can be driven to cut off unstable ground and reinforcement inserted prior to concreting. Bored piles drilled by mechanical spiral-plate or bucket augers or by grabbing rigs can drill piles with a shaft diameter up to 7.3 m. Standard plate auger boring tools for use with kelly bar rigs range from 600 to 3650 mm. Rigs with telescopic kelly bars can reach 70 m depth and 102 m exceptionally. Under-reaming tools can form enlarged bases in stable soils up to 7.3 m in diameter. Rotary drilling equipment consisting of drill heads with multiple rock roller bits have been manufactured for drilling shafts up to 8 m in diameter. In a stable dry bore, concreting is carried out from a hopper over the pile with a short length of pipe to direct flow into the centre of the reinforcement, ensuring that segregation does not occur. When concreting boreholes under flooded conditions or under stabilizing fluid a full length tremie pipe (6 times the maximum diameter of the aggregate or 150 mm diameter whichever is the greater) is essential. For reasons of economy and the need to develop shaft friction, it is the normal practice to withdraw the casing during or after placing the concrete. As in the case of driven and cast-in-place piles this procedure requires care and conscientious workmanship by the operatives in order to prevent the concrete being lifted by the casing, and resulting in voids in the shaft or inclusions of collapsed soil. Reinforcement is not always needed in bored and cast-in-place piles unless uplift loads are to be carried (uplift may occur due to the swelling and shrinkage of clays). Reinforcement may also be needed in the upper part of the shaft to withstand bending moments caused by any eccentricity in the application of the load, or by bending moments transmitted from the ground beams. However, it is often a wise precaution to use a full-length reinforcing cage in piles where temporary support by casing is required over the whole pile depth. The cage acts as a warning against the concrete lifting as the casing is extracted. The need to allow ample space between the bars for the flow of concrete is again emphasized. 2.2 Procedure of driving precast pile and cast in-situ pile. 2.2.1 Driving precast concrete piles A helmet for precast concrete piles are carefully centered on the pile, and the hammer position should be checked to ensure that it delivers a concentric blow. The hammer should preferably weigh not less than the pile. BS 8004 requires that the weight or power of the hammer should be sufficient to ensure a final penetration of about 5 mm per blow unless rock has been reached. Damage to the pile can be avoided by using the heaviest possible hammer and limiting the stroke. BS 8004 states that the stroke of a single-acting or drop hammer should be limited to 1.2 m and preferably to not more than 1 m. The Swedish piling code requires a drop hammer to weigh at least 3 tonne, except that 2-tonne hammers can be used for piles with a maximum length of 10 m and a maximum load of 450 kN, but a 4-tonne hammer should be used for long piles in compact materials. This code recommends that the drop of the hammer should be limited to 300 to 400 mm in soft or loose soils to avoid damage by tensile stresses. The drop should be limited to 300 mm when driving through compact granular soils. The driving of the piles should be carefully watched, and binding by toggle bolts due to the pile rotating or moving off line should be eased. The drop of the hammer should be reduced if cracking occurs, and if necessary the hammer should be changed for a heavier one. After the completion of driving the pile heads should be prepared for bonding into the pile caps. Hollow piles with a solid end may burst under the impact of the hammer if they become full of water, and holes should therefore be provided to drain off accumulated water. Where a soil plug is formed at the toe of an open-ended pile, water accumulation or arching of the soil within the pile may also result in bursting during driving. The installation of withdrawable-tube types of driven and cast-in-place piles